Why Are Finland Women Scholars Not Finnish-ing the Race Towards Science, Engineering, and Technology

This chapter explores Finland's history, highlighting the country before and after the declaration of independence. It evaluates patterns and trends in social and cultural norms, education, employment, science, technology, and engineering to find evidence of gender inequality, marginalization, and oppression towards Finnish women scholars. Data is collected, analyzed, and reported from a diverse group of peer-reviewed and economic published perspectives, including the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Organization for Economic-Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Labor Organization (ILOSTAT), Panorama Education, World Economic Forum, Global Wage Report, University of British Columbia, National Science Foundation, World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), National Centre for Education, European Commission, and Statista Finland databases.

Professional development of the employees in the context of innovative alterations of society

Problem setting. In the article the professional development of workers is examined in the context of requirements of time in relation to distribution of innovations. Target of research is to display the inseparable connection between education and manufacturing in the modern conditions of development and to describe the suggestions for the improvement of the Labor legislation of Ukraine in the mean of professional development of the workers as the essential part of the up-to-date innovative processes. Analysis of recent researches and publications. A comparative analysis of the results of research by scientists Braňka J., Kowolik P., Sparreboom T., Staneva A., with the conclusions and suggestions of Ukrainian scientists: N. Inshyn, S. Prilipko, N. Vapnarchuk, O. Yaroshenko and others is carried out. Article’s main body. Attention is accented on the fact, that taking into account fast-moving development of innovations and their introduction faced with the resistance from the side of employees. At the same time the problem of introduction of innovations by a great extent consists of conscious rejection of the validity of the mutual efforts by employers and workers, directed on the professional development of the worker. It is also focused on a legislation about the professional development of workers, which does not give the definition of the concept «professional development», which accordingly draws a different interpretation of this phenomenon in law and rights and duties both workers and employers. The number of consequences were made. Conclusionsand prospects for the development. Firstly, in Ukraine the scientific and educational potential for introduction of the special programs of professional preparation of workers according to the production necessities of employer is provided. For the realization of such a potential it is necessary to attract the government in the process of professional development of workers which is capable to assist the introduction of special programs for preparation as it is the proprietor of basic powerful members of market of educational services. The participation of the government in creating the conditions for professional development of workers will fully answer its obligation as a state-member of International Labor Organization and the realization of co-operation between the government, establishments of education, employers and employees will outline the new vector of the development of the relations of social partnership in Ukraine. Secondly, for the distribution of innovative development of Ukrainian society the state approach needs to be renewed for creating the conditions of effective employment, in particular by changing the obligations of the state in the first part of the second article of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which are related to switchover to the market economy on obligations which are conditioned by the importance of innovative development of Ukraine. Thirdly, the Law of Ukraine «The professional development of workers» needs the conceptual update, in particular in part of fixing of concrete law mechanisms of co-operation between the government, the workers and employers and their associations, in the process of continuous studies of workers for the increase of the level of their professional capabilities.

Pathways to recovery from COVID-19: characterizing input–output linkages of a targeted sector

At present, the world is facing an unprecedented employment challenge due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International Labor Organization of the United Nations expects the largest amount of youth unemployment at the global level to take place in manufacturing, real estate, wholesale, and accommodation sectors. This paper has two objectives. The first is to introduce a graph-theoretic method for identifying upstream and downstream pathways of a targeted sector and characterize them in ways that help respond to and recovery from the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The second is to apply this method in the context of China, Japan, India, Russia, Germany, Turkey, UK and USA, which together account for about 60 percent of the world GDP. Based on the analysis of most recent input–output data from 2015, manufacturing sector is found to be top priority sector to be targeted in all the eight countries, followed by real estate and wholesale sectors, and these sectors should be coupled with isolated communities of sectors to capture external employment and growth effects. Characterizing the critical pre-COVID-19 linkages of a targeted sector should inform policy makers regarding the design of employment and growth strategies to recover from the pandemic.

Legal Recommendations on the Establishment of Worker Representative Organization in Enterprise in Accordance with International Standards

In addition to Trade Union, from 1st January 2021, employees in Vietnam are entitled to establish and join worker representative organizations in enterprises. This is one of the new legislative developments that lack clarifying regulations . In this context, the International Labor Organization (ILO) published a Digest of decisions and principles of the Freedom of Association Committee of the Governing Body of the ILO, based on about 200 cases presented to this organization. Therefore, the research on this vital document might provide Vietnam with the opinions of international experts and practical experiences from many countries worldwide on the concerned issue for further developing regulations on freedom of association. As this is a big topic, this article only focuses on international standards on establishing worker representative organization, then comparing them with Vietnamese regulations to find out the gaps to be supplemented.

Identifikasi Potensi Bahaya dan Risiko Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja pada Pabrik Tahu House Of Tofu

Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is generally defined as the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling hazards arising in or from the workplace that may interfere with the health and well-being of workers, taking into account the possible impact on the environment and the surrounding community. The scope is quite broad, covering a large number of disciplines and many hazards in the workplace and the environment.The International Labor Organization (ILO) released data in 2020 that globally, more than 2.78 million people die from workplace-related accidents or diseases, which means one death every fifteen seconds Measures and strategies designed to prevent, control, reducing or eliminating occupational hazards and risks have been developed and implemented over the years to keep pace with technological and economic changes. Work and industrial accidents are all caused by preventable factors that can be eliminated by applying known and available measures and methods. This is indicated by the continued decline in accident rates in industrialized countries. Therefore, the implementation of prevention strategies offers significant human and economic benefits. However, occupational accidents and diseases are still too frequent and their cost in terms of human suffering and economic burden continues to be significant. This study discusses the level of occupational accidents and occupational diseases obtained by conducting a walk-through survey at the tofu factory "House Of Tofu" which is located at Way Halim Permai Bandar Lampung. Identification of occupational safety and health is carried out by means of a Walk Through Survey using Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Determining Control techniques. The results show that there are still many potential Occupational Safety and Health Hazards and Risks at the House Of Tofu Tofu Factory that have not been identified and have a negative impact on the workers in it. Interventions against potential hazards must be carried out by employers to reduce the number of work accidents.

Impact of Human Capital Underutilization on Economic Growth: the Case of India

This study investigated the effect of human capital underutilization on the economic growth of India. It has used time-series data accessed from the International Labor Organization (ILO) and World Bank database. This paper estimated the relationship between the underutilization of human capital on economic growth by applying the econometric tests like Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Test, Johansen Integration Test, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results revealed that in the long run human capital underutilization has a negative relationship on GDP and labor productivity and it does not in the short run. The study recommends that specific policy legislations in the Indian labor markets are required for addressing the problem of human capital underutilization and thereby accelerating the economic growth and productivity for the current and future generations.

Atuação de adolescentes no tráfico de drogas: uma revisão narrativa da literatura/Action adolescents in drug trafficking: a narrative literature review

Introdução: O envolvimento de adolescentes no tráfico de drogas se situa na ambiguidade jurídica entre o previsto nas Leis de drogas e nos Decretos que homologam a Convenção 182 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Objetivo: Identificar e apresentar quais as dimensões acerca das relações de adolescentes com o tráfico de drogas têm sido enfatizadas na literatura científica, técnica e legislativa brasileira. Método: Realizada revisão narrativa da literatura científica recente, em que se procedeu leitura exaustiva dos artigos selecionados e se identificaram três categorias temáticas emergentes. Foram previamente definidos, marcos legais, propostos como ferramentas teóricas de análise dos dados, conjuntamente com documentos técnicos pertinentes. Resultados e Discussão: Adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa por tráfico de drogas no Brasil são meninos negros, de baixa escolaridade, residindo com suas mães em territórios de baixa renda, caracterizados por relações cotidianas permeadas pela violência, escassez de equipamentos públicos e de oportunidades de trabalho. Três dimensões foram identificadas e problematizadas: as determinações sociais nos processos saúde-adoecimento: dos riscos da psiquiatrização ao extermínio da juventude; medidas socioeducativas: criminalização da pobreza, seletividade penal e fracasso do sistema; e o trabalho: sobrevivência, pertença e exploração. Conclusão: Não há, na literatura científica, uma evidente problematização do envolvimento do tráfico de drogas, enquanto exploração do trabalho infantil, mas produções técnicas têm explicitado tal ambivalência legal no Brasil, subsidiando a sustentação de ações e novas investigações acerca da temática. A atual política sobre drogas favorece a sustentação da relação perversa entre o tráfico e o Estado, no estabelecimento de uma gestão urbana atravessada pelo comércio ilícito de drogas, que diferencia socialmente territórios e subjetividades, impactando a doutrina da proteção integral.Palavras-chave: Adolescente. Tráfico de Drogas. Trabalho Infantil. Terapia Ocupacional Abstract Introduction: The involvement of adolescents in drug trafficking lies in the legal ambiguity between the provisions of the Drug Laws and the Decrees that ratify Convention 182 of the International Labor Organization. Objective: Identifying and presenting the dimensions of the relationship between adolescents and drug trafficking have been emphasized in Brazilian scientific literature technical and legislative. Method: A narrative review of recent scientific literature was carried out, in which the selected articles were thoroughly read, and three emerging thematic categories were identified. Legal frameworks proposed as theoretical tools for data analysis were previously defined, together with relevant technical documents. Results and Discussion: Adolescents in compliance with a socio-educational measure for drug trafficking in Brazil are black boys, with low schooling, living with their mothers in low-income territories, characterized by daily relationships permeated by violence, scarcity of public facilities and opportunities for job. Three dimensions were identified and problematized: social determinations in health-illness processes: from the risks of psychiatrization to the extermination of youth; socio-educational measures: criminalization of poverty, criminal selectivity and failure of the system; work: survival, belonging and exploitation. Conclusion: There is no evident problematization in the scientific literature of the involvement of drug trafficking while the exploitation of child labor, but technical productions have spelled out such legal ambivalence in Brazil, supporting the support of actions and new investigations on the subject. The current drug policy favors the support of the perverse relationship between trafficking and the State, in the establishment of an urban management crossed by the illicit drug trade that socially differentiates territories and subjectivities, impacting the doctrine of integral protection.Keywords: Adolescent. Drug Trafficking. Child Labor. Occupational Therapy ResumenIntroducción: La participación de los adolescentes en el tráfico de drogas radica en la ambigüedad jurídica entre las disposiciones de las Leyes de Drogas y los Decretos que ratifican el Convenio 182 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Objetivo: Identificar y presentar las dimensiones de la relación entre los adolescentes y el narcotráfico ha sido enfatizado en la literatura científica brasileña técnico y legislativo. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica reciente, en la que se leyeron con detenimiento los artículos seleccionados y se identificaron tres categorías temáticas emergentes. Previamente se definieron los marcos legales propuestos como herramientas teóricas para el análisis de datos, junto con los documentos técnicos relevantes. Resultados y Discusión: Los adolescentes en cumplimiento de una medida socioeducativa para el narcotráfico en Brasil son niños negros, con baja escolaridad, que viven con sus madres en territorios de bajos ingresos, caracterizados por relaciones cotidianas permeadas por la violencia, escasez de instalaciones y oportunidades públicas. por trabajo. Se identificaron y problematizaron tres dimensiones: determinaciones sociales en los procesos salud-enfermedad: desde los riesgos de la psiquiatrización hasta el exterminio de la juventud; medidas socioeducativas: criminalización de la pobreza, selectividad criminal y fracaso del sistema; trabajo: supervivencia, pertenencia y explotación. Conclusión: En la literatura científica, no hay una problematización evidente de la participación del narcotráfico en la explotación del trabajo infantil, pero las producciones técnicas han expresado tal ambivalencia jurídica en Brasil, apoyando el apoyo de acciones y nuevas investigaciones sobre el tema. La actual política de drogas favorece el sustento de la relación perversa entre el tráfico y el Estado, en el establecimiento de una gestión urbana atravesada por el tráfico ilícito de drogas que diferencia socialmente territorios y subjetividades, impactando la doctrina de la protección integral.Palabras clave: Adolescente. Tráfico de Drogas. Trabajo Infantil. Terapia Ocupacional

Understanding uptake of prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 at work actions in Iran

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has required organizations to make changes to ways of working to prevent and mitigate COVID-19 in employees. OBJECTIVE: To assess the workplace response to COVID-19 in Iran. METHODS: 255 organizations completed a two-part survey. Part 1 collected data describing the business; Part 2 comprised the International Labor Organization (ILO) 30-item Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19 at Work Actions Checklist. A four-point Likert scale was used to score each item according to whether preventative measures had been actioned. RESULTS: We found a dichotomy of commitment to managing COVID-19 at work. 42.5%of organizations had fully implemented the ILO recommended preventative actions, and 45.6%workplaces had not implemented any. Large organizations had significantly more preventative actions than SMEs; the Healthcare sector had significantly better COVID-19 mitigation measures in place than Construction projects; and organizations with a health and safety management system had significantly more prevention actions in place. CONCLUSIONS: ILO provided a good framework to support risk assessment of COVID-19, however only half the organizations were undertaking the necessary biological hazard control actions to prevent COVID-19 at work. There remains a need to understand the inaction of organizations who do not risk assess despite being in a pandemic.

Corporate Social Responsibility and MNCs: An Appraisal from Investment Treaty Law Perspective

Recent investment treaties recognize corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a mechanism for regulating corporate behavior concerning the protection and promotion of human rights, social and environmental standards. These treaties often include a universally recognized soft law version of CSR developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), considered prominent sources of CSR voluntary standards. This study analyzed significant advances in including such voluntary standards in investment treaty law, which led to implementing globally agreed norms regarding sustainable development into action. In addition to the inclusion of CSR standards in legally binding documents, this study argued that the practical issues involved in implementing the CSR standards should be addressed from the perspective of capital-dependent developing countries. To this end, this study adopted the due diligence test to apply CSR standards in cross-border investments better. For this purpose, theoretical analysis that combined descriptive and analytical approaches based on the available primary and secondary sources best suited current research. The study showed that applying CSR standards in capital-dependent developing countries was only possible when corporate, home state, and the host government took appropriate actions at the policy level. It concluded that such additional measures were needed to effectively implement CSR standards emphasizing prevention was better than cure and ensuring the appropriate due diligence process by the relevant parties. KEYWORDS: Corporate Social Responsibility, Investment Laws, Developing Countries.

Análisis de la inclusión económica de los jóvenes al Mercado laboral en ecuador en el periodo 2009 al 2019

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la inclusión económica juvenil en el mercado laboral del Ecuador en el periodo 2009 al 2019, tomando como referencia información de fuentes secundarias, correspondientes a la recopilación de evidencias investigativas como la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), el Ministerio de Trabajo, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), entre otras revisiones bibliográficas enfocadas en la situación real que atraviesan la mayoría de los jóvenes en el país, en base a los resultados obtenidos se establecen los factores más relevantes que determinan la empleabilidad, como son la educación, la oferta y demanda laboral, las condiciones socio-económicas, instituciones labores, entre otros que como consecuencia, ha disminuido el pleno empleo, el subempleo y por lo contrario el desempleo ha aumentado. This article aims to analyze youth economic inclusion in the Ecuadorian labor market in the period 2009 to 2019, taking as reference information from secondary sources, corresponding to the compilation of investigative evidence such as the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Ministry of Labor, the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), among other bibliographic reviews focused on the real situation that the majority of young people in the country go through, based on the results obtained establish the most relevant factors that determine employability, such as education, labor supply and demand, socio-economic conditions, labor institutions, among others, which as a consequence, has decreased full employment, underemployment and on the contrary, unemployment has increased.