Plant and Wood Area Index of Solitary Trees for Urban Contexts in Nordic Cities

Background: We present the plant area index (PAI) measurements taken for 63 deciduous broadleaved tree species and 1 deciduous conifer tree species suitable for urban areas in Nordic cities. The aim was to evaluate PAI and wood area index (WAI) of solitary-grown broadleaved tree species and cultivars of the same age in order to present a data resource of individual tree characteristics viewed in summer (PAI) and in winter (WAI). Methods: All trees were planted as individuals in 2001 at the Hørsholm Arboretum in Denmark. The field method included a Digital Plant Canopy Imager where each scan and contrast values were set to consistent values. Results: The results illustrate that solitary trees differ widely in their WAI and PAI and reflect the integrated effects of leaf material and the woody component of tree crowns. The indications also show highly significant (P < 0.001) differences between species and genotypes. The WAI had an overall mean of 0.91 (± 0.03), ranging from Tilia platyphyllos ‘Orebro’ with a WAI of 0.32 (± 0.04) to Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ with a WAI of 1.94 (± 0.09). The lowest mean PAI in the dataset was Fraxinus angustifolia ‘Raywood’ with a PAI of 1.93 (± 0.05), whereas Acer campestre ‘Kuglennar’ represents the cultivar with the largest PAI of 8.15 (± 0.14). Conclusions: Understanding how this variation in crown architectural structure changes over the year can be applied to climate responsive design and microclimate modeling where plant and wood area index of solitary-grown trees in urban contexts are of interest.

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Leaf temperatures of divaricate and broadleaved tree species during a frost in a North Island lowland forest remnant, New Zealand

New Zealand Journal of Botany ◽

10.1080/0028825x.2015.1086390 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 202-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

CH Lusk ◽

MJ Clearwater

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Tree Species ◽

Lowland Forest ◽

Forest Remnant ◽

Broadleaved Tree Species ◽

Broadleaved Tree

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Modelling growing space of four valuable broadleaved tree species in southern China

Forest Science and Practice ◽

10.1007/s11632-013-0301-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 167-178

Author(s):

Johanna Schuler ◽

Josephine Cueni ◽

Heinrich Spiecker ◽

Wen-Fu Guo

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Southern China ◽

Broadleaved Tree Species ◽

Broadleaved Tree

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Analysis of the production potential of raw wood in the forests of Slovakia

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/10/2008-jfs ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 314-320

Author(s):

R. Petráš ◽

J. Mecko

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Coniferous Tree ◽

Production Potential ◽

Tree Species Composition ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Growing Stock ◽

Forest Condition ◽

Broadleaved Tree Species ◽

Broadleaved Tree ◽

Coniferous Tree Species

Production of raw wood material and its regulation has a great ecological and economic importance in every country. The aim of the paper is to analyze the prospective production of raw wood with respect to the expected basic tree species composition and assortment structure on an example of long-term development of selected indicators of forest condition in Slovakia. For this analysis we used data on the area, growing stock and planned decennial timber felling in the forests of Slovakia in 1980, 1996 and 2003. The production potential of forests was evaluated on the basis of the annual perspective allowable cut by 2020, from which the prospective production of assortments was derived using the models of assortment yield tables of tree species. The results show that in the forests of Slovakia there is an about half proportion of coniferous and half proportion of broadleaved tree species, very good structure of growing stock as well as its trend in the last years. Production of raw wood assortments for industrial processing for the years 2010–2020 is limited by the volume 6.3–6.4 mil. m<sup>3</sup>. About one half of this volume comes from coniferous and the other half from broadleaved tree species. For coniferous tree species the proportion of spruce and fir is 87% and for broadleaved tree species the proportion of beech and oak is 80%. For coniferous tree species sawmill assortments have a decisive, almost 70% proportion. Regarding broadleaved tree species, pulpwood assortments with 47% proportion prevail, although with 11% the highest quality assortments for the production of veneer from beech and oak are also significant.

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Microclimate benefits that different street tree species provide to sidewalk pedestrians relate to differences in Plant Area Index

Landscape and Urban Planning ◽

10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 157 ◽

pp. 502-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Ruzana Sanusi ◽

Denise Johnstone ◽

Peter May ◽

Stephen J. Livesley

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Area Index ◽

Street Tree ◽

Plant Area Index ◽

Plant Area

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Harvester Productivity in Inclined Terrain with Extended Machine Operating Trail Intervals: A German Case Study Comparison of Standing and Bunched Trees

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12219168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 9168

Author(s):

Ferréol Berendt ◽

Eduardo Tolosana ◽

Stephan Hoffmann ◽

Paula Alonso ◽

Janine Schweier

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Timber Harvesting ◽

Forest Stands ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Thinning Operation ◽

Standing Trees ◽

Broadleaved Tree Species ◽

Broadleaved Tree ◽

Multiple Tree

The complexity of highly structured forests with multiple tree species, especially when coniferous and broadleaved tree species are mixed, as well as stands with extended machine operating trail spacing and inclined terrain, create challenging operational conditions for mechanized timber harvesting and extraction. Motor-manually felling trees within the midfield and bunching them at the machine operating trails, prior to the arrival of a harvester-forwarder system, is a complex operation. The aim of this study was to assess and compare tethered harvester productivities of a thinning operation, for felling and processing standing trees and for processing bunched trees, through a time study in forest stands with 40-m distances between machine operating trails. Total operational costs of the analyzed thinning operation were 69 €/m3o.b., including extraction using a multiple forwarder approach. Tree species, merchantable timber volume, and whether the trees were standing or presented as bunched logs all had a significant effect on the harvester time consumption. Moreover, harvester positioning time was significantly shorter when trees were already bunched at the machine operating trail. While the productivity of standing or bunched spruce trees did not differ significantly between the cases (approximately 18 m3o.b./productive machine hours excluding all delays (PMH0)), the productivity of standing broadleaved tree species (8.3 m3o.b./PMH0) was much lower than that of bunched trees (15.5 m3o.b./PMH0). Thus, the described timber harvesting and extraction system may be a valuable option for forest stands with high proportion of broadleaved trees.

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