FINANCING THE COSTS OF FORESTRY PRODUCTION: CURRENT STATUS AND WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes the state of existing forms of financing of modern forestry, considers the procedure for financing activities for forestry and hunting by forestry institutions. It is emphasized that the existing procedure for financing and spending funds does not provide for the commensuration of rental income from the sale of finished products and the tax value of standing timber, does not determine the content of relations in general between forestry and timber industry.In order to strengthen financing of forestry production and forestry costs, it is proposed to change the institutional structure of functioning and to focus efforts on financing forestry activities in production forestry associations. It is also proposed that payments for forest resources, as the main item of forest income, be determined on the basis of a rent approach, taking into account supply and demand. The proposed measures will allow to strengthen the relationship between the economic interests of the two types of activities within the framework of a single organization and at the same time to strengthen the financial basis for the implementation of the main goal of forestry - to increase the productivity and sustainability of forests as an important structural element of the country's national wealth.

State forest register as basis of greenhouse gas inventory for land use, land use change and forestry sector

The data on the assessment of the dynamics of forested lands of the Republic of Belarus are presented. The characteristics of the forest fund for the period 1994–2019 are presented. Based on the materials of the provisions of international treaties, documents adopted within the framework of the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change at the international and national levels, including the Paris Agreement, the provisions of regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Belarus, the results of scientific research, information from the Ministry of Forestry, according to the data of the State Forest Cadastre, an assessment of greenhouse gases in the forest fund of the Republic of Belarus was carried out. CO2 emissions and sinks from forestry have been calculated in accordance with the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories using the stock-difference method. It was found that as a result of purposeful work on reforestation and reforestation over a 26-year period, a positive dynamics of the forest fund was achieved in the Republic of Belarus: the forested area increased by 919,6 thousand ha from 7360,7 thousand ha to 8280,3 thousand ha; the forest cover of the territory of the republic increased by 4,3 % and reached 39,9 %; the total standing timber stock increased by 739,5 million m3 from 1092,3 to 1831,8 million m3 (including in mature and over-mature stands — by 300,3 million m3 and amounted to 348,8 million m3); the reserve per hectare of forested land increased by 72,8 m3 and amounted to 221,2 m3/ha; the stock of mature and over-mature stands increased by an average of 52,6 m3 and reached 273,9 m3/ha.

Implementation of Sustainable Lumber Management Principles in Irkutsk Region

Forestry in Irkutsk region features very low efficiency of forest resource exploitation. This works aims to estimate the amount of forest resource in the region, its condition and accessibility. These three data are taken as basis for the method of allowable cut as one of the key forest management tools. The article analyzes the types of lumber in various areas of the region and the dynamics of their exploitation according to the territory zoning, and provides a feasibility assessment of allowable cut development. The statistic reports of the regional Ministry of Timber Complex are used as information resource for the estimated planned and actual lumber exploitation in the forestry areas in seven zones of Irkutsk region. The analysis has revealed an ambiguity in the input data for calculating indicators of standing timber development. According to the study, the input value for logging in some forestry areas is overestimated, which leads to faster forest resource depletion. The authors state that, in the context of increasing the efficiency of forestry, the target indicators of the Timber Complex Development Programme 2019–2024 in Irkutsk region need revision, and the lumber management system requires further improvement.

"THE VALUE OF STUMPAGE" WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF FOREST INDUSTRY

The article contains an analysis of theoretical and practical approaches to assessing the value of the forest on the vine, as limited, but renewable resource that allows you to extract a significant income and meet the diverse needs of society. The use of a critical analysis in the research process allowed the author to present a comparative characteristic of the methods of forming the cost of forest resources intended for harvesting with a detailed description of the calculation methods; and also to establish possible reasons for the emergence of a conflict of interest between the state, as the owner of forest plots, and tenants. V. Pareto' s appeal to the optimum made it possible to reveal the regularity of the effect of «deferred damage» in the Russian forest industry, that is, the impossibility of future generations to meet their own needs for wood products. The approximate calculation of income from logging 1000 m3 of wood, confirming the existence of an economic resource for the formation of the process of competitiveness of the forest industry. The definition of the forest on the root. The author present the genesis of calculating the cost of standing timber, as the most important aspect of the forest economy, which is the starting point for determining the cost of products for end users. The factors that have a negative impact on the state of economic security of the forestry industry have been identified. In the conclusion, it is proposed to transform the mechanism for forming the cost of standing timber, taking into account various indicators, including market value, consumer demand, transport accessibility and quality of wood, which, according to the author, will allow not only comprehensive mechanization of the industry, also contribute to increasing productivity equipment and the development of the competitiveness of the industry.

"THE VALUE OF STUMPAGE" WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF FOREST INDUSTRY

The article contains an analysis of theoretical and practical approaches to assessing the value of the forest on the vine, as limited, but renewable resource that allows you to extract a significant income and meet the diverse needs of society. The use of a critical analysis in the research process allowed the author to present a comparative characteristic of the methods of forming the cost of forest resources intended for harvesting with a detailed description of the calculation methods; and also to establish possible reasons for the emergence of a conflict of interest between the state, as the owner of forest plots, and tenants. V. Pareto' s appeal to the optimum made it possible to reveal the regularity of the effect of «deferred damage» in the Russian forest industry, that is, the impossibility of future generations to meet their own needs for wood products. The approximate calculation of income from logging 1000 m3 of wood, confirming the existence of an economic resource for the formation of the process of competitiveness of the forest industry. The definition of the forest on the root. The author present the genesis of calculating the cost of standing timber, as the most important aspect of the forest economy, which is the starting point for determining the cost of products for end users. The factors that have a negative impact on the state of economic security of the forestry industry have been identified. In the conclusion, it is proposed to transform the mechanism for forming the cost of standing timber, taking into account various indicators, including market value, consumer demand, transport accessibility and quality of wood, which, according to the author, will allow not only comprehensive mechanization of the industry, also contribute to increasing productivity equipment and the development of the competitiveness of the industry.

The Marquis of Anglesey: working and social relationships on a Dorset estate (c. 1812–1844)

The Marquis of Anglesey on his Dorset estate was an absentee landlord who maintained close relationships with his estate through extensive correspondence with his land agent William Castleman. The surviving letters are a very rich source by which to examine the minutiae of rural life and a way to reconstruct social and working relationships within the nineteenth-century English landed estate. By focusing on a range of customary and unwritten rights, this article will consider issues such as how tenants navigated renegotiation of their leases, sought rent abatements or compensation for damage to their crops from hunting. Working and social relationships on such an estate were closely interlinked, as is widely shown here. The article also raises more contentious estate issues such as who had the rights to fallen and standing timber, the customs affecting courts, the repair of churches, and the responsibilities for building and maintaining schools. Throughout, the issue of ‘social control’ is assessed. Together the range of documented work and social interactions provide a fuller picture of the functioning of a southern English great estate in the early nineteenth century, and allow us to examine this rural community beyond the remit of its agricultural history.

ON OF FOREST MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT IN RUSSIA

A survey of numerous official documents and publications reveals a severe crisis of forest management in Russia. Forest management paradigm, defined by the Forest Code ideologues, will lead inevitably to the Russian forest fund degradation. Meanwhile, forestry is the productive industry, which follows the market rules. For this reason, it should reconstruct forest management in Russia. A principle of forestry revival will be impartial ecological and market economic assessment of forest resources, which would be instrumental in transition of the subsidized scheme of forest management financing to a system that would provide rational forestry and a profit. In view of this, market transition of forest use is crucial to establish payments for standing timber based on rental income. This will guarantee the financing of reforestation as well as assignments to the budget at the different levels. Chief reorganization objective of forest management in Russia is outlined as follows: ensuring economic efficiency of the forest sector; sustainable use of forest resources and reforestation; forest conservation for the next generations.