scholarly journals A review of source memory research in the source monitoring paradigm.

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikari Kinjo
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Research

Multidimensional source monitoring: Prior retrieval of one source attribute improves source memory for a second

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Dewitt ◽  
Justin B. Knight ◽  
B. Hunter Ball ◽  
Jason L. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring

Metacognitive inferences in source memory judgements: The role of perceived differences in item recognition

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Meiser ◽  
Christine Sattler ◽  
Ulrich Von Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Monitoring Model ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Different Sources

This research investigated the hypothesis that metacognitive inferences in source memory judgements are based on the recognition or nonrecognition of an event together with perceived or expected differences in the recognizability of events from different sources. The hypothesis was tested with a multinomial source-monitoring model that allowed separation of source-guessing tendencies for recognized and unrecognized items. Experiments 1A and 1B manipulated the number of item presentations as relevant source information and revealed differential guessing tendencies for recognized and unrecognized items, with a bias to attribute unrecognized items to the source associated with poor item recognition. Experiments 2A and 2B replicated the findings with a manipulation of presentation time and extended the analysis to subjective differences in item recognition. Experiments 3A and 3B used more natural source information by varying type of acoustic signal and demonstrated that subjective theories about differences in item recognition are sufficient to elicit differential source-guessing biases for recognized and unrecognized items. Together the findings provide new insights into the cognitive processes underlying source memory decisions, which involve episodic memory and reconstructive tendencies based on metacognitive beliefs and general world knowledge.

Source attributions for detected new items: Persistent evidence for schematic guessing

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raoul Bell ◽  
Laura Mieth ◽  
Axel Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Matching Theory ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Probability Matching ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Specific Item ◽  
Apply Probability

Performance in source-monitoring tests is not only determined by source memory but also by source guessing. Source guessing is not random as it is informed by two distinct mechanisms. (1) People may show a schema-based guessing bias and rely on cross-situationally stable world knowledge. (2) They may apply probability matching and rely on the specific item-source contingency experienced at encoding. According to probability matching theory, source guessing is based on probability matching when a specific contingency representation is available. This conclusion is derived from a source-monitoring paradigm in which no source judgements for detected new items are required. Here, we extend this paradigm to examine source guessing not only for detected old items but also for detected new items. The results suggest that participants take the old–new recognition status of the items into account when making source attributions. Probability matching is used only for detected old items: Source guessing sensitively reflects the item-source contingency for these items. For detected new items, participants resort to schema-based guessing. Using schema-based guessing rather than probability matching when judging detected new items may have the advantage that a newly acquired contingency representation that may only be locally valid is not generalised too readily at the expense of a schematic expectation that reflects a larger and more comprehensive learning history.

Semantically Clustered Words Are Stored With Integrated Context

2009 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt Bröder
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Clustering Model ◽  
Retrieval Strategies

Source memory (i.e., memory for context) has been studied with recognition tasks almost exclusively. However, encoding context affects recall stronger than recognition, presumably because of more complex retrieval strategies in the former task. An extension of Batchelder and Riefer (1980) pair-clustering model is proposed which is intended to measure the storage and retrieval of clusterable word pairs as well as the memory for the sources in which these were presented. In two experiments, the construct validity of the central model parameters is demonstrated. Furthermore, there was a strong stochastic dependency between recalling the sources of the first and the second word of a clustered pair, respectively, suggesting that not only semantic but also contextual features are bound together in clustered pairs. Advantages of using recall tests in source monitoring research are discussed.

Measuring Source Memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 215 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt Bröder ◽  
Thorsten Meiser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Item ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Multinomial Models ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Review Model

Abstract. The investigation of source monitoring (SM) as a special faculty of episodic memory has gained much attention in recent years. However, several measures of source memory have been used in research practice that show empirical and theoretical shortcomings: First, they often confound various cognitive processes like source memory, item memory and response bias, and second, they do not do justice to the multitude of processes involved in SM according to the framework of Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay (1993) . We therefore review model-based measurement approaches, focusing on multinomial models, and we distinguish between theorizing about source memory and the pragmatics of source memory measurement as two partly separate goals of research. Whereas signal detection models seem to be more adequate theories of the underlying source monitoring process, multinomial models have some pragmatic advantages that nevertheless recommend them as viable measurement tools.

Source monitoring deficits in hallucinating compared to non-hallucinating patients with schizophrenia

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Brunelin ◽  
Marion Combris ◽  
Emmanuel Poulet ◽  
Lassad Kallel ◽  
Thierry D’Amato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
External Event ◽  
Internal Sources

AbstractIn two source memory tests, hallucinating patients with schizophrenia (N = 30), compared to non-hallucinating (N = 31), are impaired in recognizing internal self-generated items and misattribute them to an external event. They are not impaired in recognizing events from two internal sources. Results support a selective source-monitoring deficit in the occurrence of auditory hallucinations.

Inconsistency effects in source memory and compensatory schema-consistent guessing

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2042-2059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Küppers ◽  
Ute J. Bayen
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Item ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree Models ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree ◽  
Tree Models ◽  
Separate Source

The attention–elaboration hypothesis of memory for schematically unexpected information predicts better source memory for unexpected than expected sources. In three source-monitoring experiments, the authors tested the occurrence of an inconsistency effect in source memory. Participants were presented with items that were schematically either very expected or very unexpected for their source. Multinomial processing tree models were used to separate source memory, item memory, and guessing bias. Results show an inconsistency effect in source memory accompanied by a compensatory schema-consistent guessing bias when expectancy strength is high, that is, when items are very expected or very unexpected for their source.

scholarly journals Does source memory exist for unrecognized items?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Fox ◽  
Adam F Osth
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
State Models

In episodic memory research, there is a debate concerning whether decision-making in recognition and source memory is better explained by models than assume discrete cognitive states, or by models that assume continuous underlying strengths. One aspect in which these classes of models differ is their predictions regarding the ability to retrieve contextual details (or source details) of an experienced event, given that the event itself is not recognized. Discrete state models predict that when items are unrecognized, source retrieval is not possible and only guess responses can be elicited. In contrast, models assuming continuous strengths predict that it is possible to retrieve the source of unrecognized items (albeit with low accuracy). Empirically, there have been numerous studies reporting either chance accuracy or above-chance accuracy for source memory in the absence of recognition. For instance, studies presenting recognition and source judgments for the same item in immediate succession have revealed chance-level accuracy, while studies presenting a block of recognition judgments followed by a block of source judgments have revealed slightly above-chance accuracy. In the present investigation, data from two novel experiments involving multiple design manipulations were investigated using a hierarchical Bayesian signal detection model. Across most conditions it was shown that source accuracy for unrecognized items was slightly above chance. It is suggested that findings of a null effect in the prior literature may be attributable to design elements that hinder source memory as a whole, and to high degrees of uncertainty in the participant-level source data when conditioned on unrecognized items.

Positive and Negative Generation Effects in Source Monitoring

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Riefer ◽  
Yuchin Chien ◽  
Jason F. Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
External Source ◽  
Reality Monitoring ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Formal Modelling ◽  
Source Dimensions ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Source Of Information

Research is mixed as to whether self-generation improves memory for the source of information. We propose the hypothesis that positive generation effects (better source memory for self-generated information) occur in reality-monitoring paradigms, while negative generation effects (better source memory for externally presented information) tend to occur in external source-monitoring paradigms. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment in which participants read or generated words, followed by a memory test for the source of each word (read or generated) and the word's colour. Meiser and Bröder's (2002) multinomial model for crossed source dimensions was used to analyse the data, showing that source memory for generation (reality monitoring) was superior for the generated words, while source memory for word colour (external source monitoring) was superior for the read words. The model also revealed the influence of strong response biases in the data, demonstrating the usefulness of formal modelling when examining generation effects in source monitoring.

scholarly journals fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Dobbins ◽  
Jon S. Simons ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Memory Monitoring ◽  
The Right

Source memory research suggests that attempting to remember specific contextual aspects surrounding prior stimulus encounters results in greater left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity than simple item-based old/new recognition judgments. Here, we tested a complementary hypothesis that predicts increases in the right PFC with tasks requiring close monitoring of item familiarity. More specifically, we compared a judgment of frequency (JOF) task to an item memory task, in which the former required estimating the number of previous picture encounters and the latter required discriminating old from new exemplars of previously seen items. In comparison to standard old/new recognition, both source memory and the JOF task examined here require more precise mnemonic judgments. However, in contrast to source memory, cognitive models suggest the JOF task relies heavily upon item familiarity, not specific contextual recollections. Event-related fMRI demonstrated greater recruitment of right, not left, dorso-lateral and frontopolar PFC regions during the JOF compared to item memory task. These data suggest a role for right PFC in the close monitoring of the familiarity of objects, which becomes critical when contextual recollection is ineffective in satisfying a memory demand.

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