scholarly journals fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Dobbins ◽  
Jon S. Simons ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Memory Monitoring ◽  
The Right

Source memory research suggests that attempting to remember specific contextual aspects surrounding prior stimulus encounters results in greater left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity than simple item-based old/new recognition judgments. Here, we tested a complementary hypothesis that predicts increases in the right PFC with tasks requiring close monitoring of item familiarity. More specifically, we compared a judgment of frequency (JOF) task to an item memory task, in which the former required estimating the number of previous picture encounters and the latter required discriminating old from new exemplars of previously seen items. In comparison to standard old/new recognition, both source memory and the JOF task examined here require more precise mnemonic judgments. However, in contrast to source memory, cognitive models suggest the JOF task relies heavily upon item familiarity, not specific contextual recollections. Event-related fMRI demonstrated greater recruitment of right, not left, dorso-lateral and frontopolar PFC regions during the JOF compared to item memory task. These data suggest a role for right PFC in the close monitoring of the familiarity of objects, which becomes critical when contextual recollection is ineffective in satisfying a memory demand.

scholarly journals The effects of endogenous and exogenus orienting of attention on source memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Selene Cansino
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Symbolic Cues

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention on episodic memory. Thirty healthy participants performed a cueing attention paradigm during encoding, in which images of common objects were presented either to the left or to the right of the center of the screen. Before the presentation of each image, three types of symbolic cues were displayed to indicate the location in which the stimuli would appear: valid cues to elicit endogenous orientation, invalid cues to prompt exogenous orientation and neutral or uncued trials. The participants’ task was to discriminate whether the images were symmetrical or not while fixating on the center of the screen to assure the manifestation of only covert attention mechanisms. Covert attention refers to the ability to orient attention by means of central control mechanisms alone, without head and eye movements. Trials with eye movements were excluded after inspection of eye-tracker recordings that were conducted throughout the task. During retrieval, participants conducted a source memory task in which they indicated the location where the images were presented during encoding. Memory for spatial context was superior during endogenous orientation than during exogenous orientation, whereas exogenous orientation was associated with a greater number of missed responses compared to the neutral trials. The formation of episodic memory representations with contextual details benefits from endogenous attention.

Order Information in Working Memory: fMRI Evidence for Parietal and Prefrontal Mechanisms

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 130-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Marshuetz ◽  
Edward E. Smith ◽  
John Jonides ◽  
Joseph DeGutis ◽  
Thomas L. Chenevert
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Order Condition ◽  
Order Task ◽  
Common Process ◽  
The Subject

Working memory is thought to include a mechanism that allows for the coding of order information. One question of interest is how order information is coded, and how that code is neurally implemented. Here we report both behavioral and fMRI findings from an experiment that involved comparing two tasks, an item-memory task and an order-memory task. In each case, five letters were presented for storage, followed after a brief interval by a set of probe letters. In the case of the item-memory task, the two letters were identical, and the subject responded to the question, “Was this letter one of the items you saw?”. In the case of the order-memory task, the letters were different, and subjects responded to the question, “Are these two letters in the order in which you saw them?”. Behaviorally, items that were further apart in the sequence elicited faster reaction times and higher accuracy in the Order task. Areas that were significantly more activated in the Order condition included the parietal and prefrontal cortex. Parietal activations overlapped those involved in number processing, leading to the suggestion that the underlying representation of order and numbers may share a common process, coding for magnitude.

scholarly journals Changes in distributed neural circuitry function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mendrek ◽  
K. R. Laurens ◽  
K. A. Kiehl ◽  
E. T. C. Ngan ◽  
E. Stip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Stable Characteristic ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

BackgroundA number of functional brain abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia, but it remains to be determined which of them represent trait and state markers of the illness.AimsTo delineate regional brain dysfunctions that remain stable and those that fluctuate during the course of schizophrenia.MethodA cohort of patients with first-episode schizophrenia and a matched group of control participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging on two occasions 6–8 weeks apart during performance of a working memory task. The patients' disease was in partial remission at the second scan.ResultsRelative to control participants, the function of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left thalamus and right cerebellum remained disturbed in the people with schizophrenia, whereas the dysfunction of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right thalamus, left cerebellum and cingulate gyrus normalised, with significant reduction in symptoms.ConclusionsThese results suggest that dysfunction of the left fronto-thalamo-cerebellar circuitry is a relatively stable characteristic of schizophrenia, whereas disturbance of the right circuitry and cingulate gyrus is predominantly a state-related phenomenon.

scholarly journals 0121 Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Word Recognition of Previously Studied Words with Different Emotional Valence

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A48-A48
Author(s):  
A N Hudson ◽  
P Whitney ◽  
J M Hinson ◽  
D A Hansen ◽  
H Van Dongen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Abstract Introduction Stimuli with an emotional valence tend to produce better recognition from memory than neutral stimuli. Sleep loss is believed to increase reactivity to negative stimuli, as compared to positive stimuli, which may comparatively enhance subsequent recognition from memory for negative stimuli. We investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on recognition accuracy for words with different emotional valence using the Affective Item Source Memory Task (AISM). Methods N=14 adults (ages 21–39; 7 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with 9h baseline sleep (22:00-07:00), 39h acute TSD, and 9h recovery sleep. The AISM was administered at 16:30 during baseline and after 34h TSD. During a 5min study phase, participants heard a list, twice, of 20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral words spoken with a male or female voice. During an immediately subsequent 8min recognition phase, participants heard 120 words (50% new) and judged whether each word had been presented in the study list (item memory). For words judged to have been presented previously, participants indicated whether those were presented by a female or male speaker (source memory). Results Mixed-effects ANOVA showed effects of session (p<0.001) and valence (p<0.001) on item memory. At baseline, accuracy was greatest for neutral and positive words compared to negative words. During TSD, accuracy declined for all three valences, and no interaction of session by valence was detected. No effects of TSD or valence on source memory were observed. Conclusion Sleep deprivation reduced item memory for words of all valence types. However, there was no comparatively greater impact on item or source memory for negative words nor any differential effect of TSD for different valences. Whether our results would hold with longer time intervals between task phases or an intervening sleep period remains to be determined. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

scholarly journals Does source memory exist for unrecognized items?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Fox ◽  
Adam F Osth
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
State Models

In episodic memory research, there is a debate concerning whether decision-making in recognition and source memory is better explained by models than assume discrete cognitive states, or by models that assume continuous underlying strengths. One aspect in which these classes of models differ is their predictions regarding the ability to retrieve contextual details (or source details) of an experienced event, given that the event itself is not recognized. Discrete state models predict that when items are unrecognized, source retrieval is not possible and only guess responses can be elicited. In contrast, models assuming continuous strengths predict that it is possible to retrieve the source of unrecognized items (albeit with low accuracy). Empirically, there have been numerous studies reporting either chance accuracy or above-chance accuracy for source memory in the absence of recognition. For instance, studies presenting recognition and source judgments for the same item in immediate succession have revealed chance-level accuracy, while studies presenting a block of recognition judgments followed by a block of source judgments have revealed slightly above-chance accuracy. In the present investigation, data from two novel experiments involving multiple design manipulations were investigated using a hierarchical Bayesian signal detection model. Across most conditions it was shown that source accuracy for unrecognized items was slightly above chance. It is suggested that findings of a null effect in the prior literature may be attributable to design elements that hinder source memory as a whole, and to high degrees of uncertainty in the participant-level source data when conditioned on unrecognized items.

scholarly journals High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Increases Maximization Tendencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixia Wang ◽  
Hanqi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Motivational Changes

People seek the best in every aspect of life. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms supporting this process of maximization. In this study, maximization tendencies were increased by using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Participants (n = 64) received 2 mA anodal 4 × 1 HD-tDCS or sham stimulation over the right DLPFC in two sessions and subsequently completed an N-back working memory task and a maximization scale (MS). We observed that maximization tendency scores increased during anodal stimulation. Furthermore, the results indicate that this increase in maximization tendency was driven by motivational changes. On the MS, alternative search subscale scores were significantly increased, demonstrating an increase in motivation to evaluate more alternatives; however, the results did not indicate that the increase in maximization tendencies was due to working memory improvement. These results demonstrated that maximization tendencies can be strengthened through noninvasive interventions and that the right DLPFC has a causal relationship with maximization tendencies.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Confidence during Item Recognition and Source Memory Retrieval: Evidence for Both Dual-process and Strength Memory Theories

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3959-3971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Hayes ◽  
Norbou Buchler ◽  
Jared Stokes ◽  
James Kragel ◽  
Roberto Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Strength Theory ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Memory Network

Although the medial-temporal lobes (MTL), PFC, and parietal cortex are considered primary nodes in the episodic memory network, there is much debate regarding the contributions of MTL, PFC, and parietal subregions to recollection versus familiarity (dual-process theory) and the feasibility of accounts on the basis of a single memory strength process (strength theory). To investigate these issues, the current fMRI study measured activity during retrieval of memories that differed quantitatively in terms of strength (high vs. low-confidence trials) and qualitatively in terms of recollection versus familiarity (source vs. item memory tasks). Support for each theory varied depending on which node of the episodic memory network was considered. Results from MTL best fit a dual-process account, as a dissociation was found between a right hippocampal region showing high-confidence activity during the source memory task and bilateral rhinal regions showing high-confidence activity during the item memory task. Within PFC, several left-lateralized regions showed greater activity for source than item memory, consistent with recollective orienting, whereas a right-lateralized ventrolateral area showed low-confidence activity in both tasks, consistent with monitoring processes. Parietal findings were generally consistent with strength theory, with dorsal areas showing low-confidence activity and ventral areas showing high-confidence activity in both tasks. This dissociation fits with an attentional account of parietal functions during episodic retrieval. The results suggest that both dual-process and strength theories are partly correct, highlighting the need for an integrated model that links to more general cognitive theories to account for observed neural activity during episodic memory retrieval.

Distinct prefrontal cortex activity associated with item memory and source memory for visual shapes

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Slotnick ◽  
Lauren R. Moo ◽  
Jessica B. Segal ◽  
John Hart
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Item Memory

scholarly journals The Hippocampus is Preferentially Associated with Memory for Spatial Context

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Ross ◽  
Scott D. Slotnick
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Contextual Memory ◽  
Parahippocampal Cortex ◽  
The Right

The existence of a functional-anatomic dissociation for retrieving item versus contextual information within subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is currently under debate. We used a spatial source memory paradigm during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate this issue. At study, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation. During test, old and new shapes were presented at fixation. Participants responded whether each shape had been previously presented on the “left,” the “right,” or was “new.” Activity associated with contextual memory (i.e., source memory) was isolated by contrasting accurate versus inaccurate memory for spatial location. Item-memory-related activity was isolated by contrasting accurate item recognition without contextual memory with forgotten items. Source memory was associated with activity in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. Although item memory was not associated with unique MTL activity at our original threshold, a region-of-interest (ROI) analysis revealed item-memory-related activity in the perirhinal cortex. Furthermore, a functional-anatomic dissociation within the parietal cortex for retrieving item and contextual information was not found in any of three ROIs. These results support the hypothesis that specific subregions in the MTL are associated with item memory and memory for context.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Explaining the association between repetition priming and source memory: No evidence for a contribution of recognition or fluency

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110084
Author(s):  
Nicholas Lange ◽  
Christopher James Berry
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Single System ◽  
Memory Source ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Common Memory ◽  
Repetition Priming Effect

In a conjoint memory task (measuring repetition priming, recognition memory, source memory), items recognized as previously studied and receiving correct source decisions also tend to show a greater magnitude of the repetition priming effect. These associations have been explained as arising from a single memory system or signal, rather than multiple distinct ones (Lange, Berry, & Hollins, 2020). In the present work, we examine whether the association between priming and source memory can alternatively be explained as being driven by recognition or fluency. We first reproduced the basic priming-source association (Experiment 1). In Experiments 2 and 3, we found that the association persisted even when the task was modified so that overt and covert recognition judgments were precluded. In Experiment 4, the association was again present even though fluency (as measured by identification response time) could not influence the source decision, although the association was notably weaker. These findings suggest that the association between priming and source memory is not attributable to a contribution of recognition or fluency; instead, the findings are consistent with a single-system account in which a common memory signal drives responding.

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