Adrenal Gland: The Adrenal Medulla

2017 ◽  
pp. 498-498
Author(s):  
Gopal Pal ◽  
Pravati Pal ◽  
Nivedita Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla

Studies on cyclic nucleotides in the adrenal gland : VI adenyl and guanyl cyclase in the adrenal medulla

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumio Shima ◽  
Yoshtko Kawashima ◽  
Masanao Hirai ◽  
Satoshi Ihara ◽  
Hiroshi Kouyama
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotides

Direct effect of hypothalamic neuropeptides on the release of catecholamines by adrenal medulla in sheep – study ex vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wrońska ◽  
B.F. Kania ◽  
M. Błachuta
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Noradrenaline Release ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
Adrenaline Release ◽  
Hormone Control

Abstract Stress causes the activation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and sympatho-adrenal system, thus leading to the release from the adrenal medulla of catecholamines: adrenaline and, to a lesser degree, noradrenaline. It has been established that in addition to catecholamines, the adrenomedullary cells produce a variety of neuropeptides, including corticoliberine (CRH), vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXY) and proopiomelanocortine (POMC) – a precursor of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The aim of this study was to investigate adrenal medulla activity in vitro depending, on a dose of CRH, AVP and OXY on adrenaline and noradrenaline release. Pieces of sheep adrenal medulla tissue (about 50 mg) were put on 24-well plates and were incubated in 1 mL of Eagle medium without hormone (control) or supplemented only once with CRH, AVP and OXY in three doses (10−7, 10−8 and 10−9 M) in a volume of 10 μL. The results showed that CRH stimulates adrenaline and noradrenaline release from the adrenal medulla tissue. The stimulating influence of AVP on adrenaline release was visible after the application of the two lower doses of this neuropeptide; however, AVP reduced noradrenaline release from the adrenal medulla tissue. A strong, inhibitory OXY effect on catecholamine release was observed, regardless of the dose of this hormone. Our results indicate the important role of OXY in the inhibition of adrenal gland activity and thus a better adaptation to stress on the adrenal gland level.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical heterogeneity of nerve cells in the human adrenal gland with special reference to substance P.

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Colombo-Benkmann ◽  
L Klimaschewski ◽  
C Heym
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Adrenal Innervation

Neurons in the human adrenal medulla, stained by the NADH-diaphorase reaction, were counted and their neurochemical markers were investigated by double labeling immunofluorescence with special reference to substance P. The findings indicate a significant participation of intramedullary nerve cell bodies in human adrenal innervation with 40.4 neurons/mm3 adrenal medulla. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons, which made up approximately 20% of all neurons, exhibited heterogeneity by co-localization of immunoreactivities for dynorphin, for cholecystokinin, and for neurofilament triplet. Substance-P-immunolabeled neurons were always nonreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. These chemical phenotypes of intramedullary neurons reveal immunohistochemical similarities with postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia or with enteric neurons, suggesting a hitherto unrecognized functional significance of the intrinsic nervous system in the human adrenal gland.

scholarly journals Effects of stimulation by carbachol on the metabolism of the bovine adrenal medulla

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Banks
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Great Decrease ◽  
Chromaffin Granules ◽  
Tyrode Solution ◽  
Spontaneous Release ◽  
Perfusion Medium

1. A method is described that has made it possible to achieve a great decrease in the catecholamine and adenine nucleotide contents of the perfused bovine adrenal gland by the infusion of carbachol. 2. Although the catecholamines secreted were recovered in the perfusion medium, no evidence was obtained that the nucleotides are secreted by the gland. 3. It is concluded that the secretion of catecholamines is accompanied by extensive chemical alteration of the adenine nucleotides of the chromaffin granules. 4. The secretory response and the spontaneous release of catecholamines depends on the presence of Ca(2+) in the perfusing Tyrode solution. 5. Anoxia does not have a significant effect on the carbachol-induced secretion of catecholamines. 6. Strips of bovine adrenal medullary tissue perfused with oxygenated Tyrode solution show an increased oxygen consumption when carbachol is added.

Release of catechol amines from the adrenal medulla by CCl4

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Brody ◽  
Deane N. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Catechol Amine ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Amine Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Catechol Amines

The single oral administration of an hepatotoxic dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes a decrease in the amount of apparent epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla after 20 hours. There is also a parallel increase in the wet weight of the adrenal gland. The ability of CCl4 to induce catechol amine depletion has been demonstrated in both the rat and the rabbit. Adrenals of animals whose spinal cords have been transected prior to CCl4 administration do not exhibit this decrease in catechol amine content. These results will be discussed in the light of an hypothesis that the toxic action of CCl4 is an indirect one and may be mediated via a release of catechol amines.

scholarly journals Studies on cyclic nucleotides in the adrenal gland VIII : Adenyl cyclase in the adrenal medulla

1976 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Sumio Shima ◽  
Yoshiko Kawashima ◽  
Masanao Hirai ◽  
Satoshi Ihara ◽  
Hiroshi Kouyama
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotides ◽  
Adenyl Cyclase

ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 ON THE RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM THE CANINE ADRENAL GLAND AND ITS INTERACTION WITH ACETYLCHOLINE

1978 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. YAMASHITA ◽  
M. MIENO ◽  
T. SHIMIZU ◽  
ER. YAMASHITA
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Catecholamine Secretion ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

SUMMARY The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal gland and the interaction between PGE2 and acetylcholine in the adrenal medulla were examined in anaesthetized dogs. In splanchnicotomized dogs, i.v. injection of PGE2 failed to induce any secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal gland, whereas administration of PGE2 into the lumboadrenal artery resulted in a slight, approximately dose-dependent increase in catecholamine secretion within 2 min of the injection. This effect of PGE2 was unaffected by i.v. administration of atropine. Intravenous administration of acetylcholine 1 min after the administration of PGE2 into the lumboadrenal artery of splanchnicotomized atropine-treated dogs had a markedly greater effect on adrenal catecholamine secretion; the resultant output was about twice that evoked by acetylcholine in the absence of PGE2. The effect was more than additive, since the response to acetylcholine was at least one order of magnitude greater than that to PGE2. This indicates that PGE2 and acetylcholine may act synergistically in the adrenal medulla.

Discovering the role of the adrenal gland in the control of body function

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. R1007-R1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Isolated Heart ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Adrenal Secretion ◽  
Classic Papers ◽  
Stimulation Of

This essay looks at the historical significance of three APS classic papers that are freely available online: Cannon WB and de la Paz D. Emotional stimulation of adrenal secretion. Am J Physiol 28: 64-70, 1911 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/1/64 ). Cannon WB. The emergency function of the adrenal medulla in pain and the major emotions. Am J Physiol 33: 356-372, 1914 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/33/2/356 ). Cannon WB. Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. V. The isolated heart as an indicator of adrenal secretion induced by pain, asphyxia and excitement. Am J Physiol 50: 399-432, 1919 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/50/3/399 ).

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