Transmission Studies on Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus

Citrus yellow vein clearing virus is a new member of the genus Mandarivirus in the family Alphaflexiviridae. Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is the causal agent of citrus yellow vein clearing disease and is widely distributed in Pakistan, India, Turkey, and China. CYVCV is transmitted from citrus to citrus by Dialeurodes citri, grafting, and contaminated knife blades, threatening citrus production. In this study, four infectious full-length cDNA clones of CYVCV (namely AY112, AY132, AY212, and AY221) derived from CYVCV isolate AY were obtained through yeast homologous recombination and inoculated to ‘Eureka’ lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) by Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration. Pathogenicity analysis indicated that the clones AY212 and AY221 caused more severe symptoms than AY112 and AY132. Northern blot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that the titers of virulent clones (AY212 and AY221) were significantly higher than those of attenuated clones (AY112 and AY132) in the infected ‘Eureka’ lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) seedlings. Subsequent comparative studies of viral infectivity, accumulation, and symptoms induced by AY221 in nine citrus cultivars indicated that (i) the infectivity of AY221 varied from 25% to 100% among different cultivars; (ii) ‘Oota’ ponkan (C. reticulata L.) showed the lowest infection rate with mild symptoms, which might be a useful resource for CYVCY-resistance genes; (iii) CYVCV titer was positively associated with the symptom development in infected citrus seedlings. In general, this report revealed the biological properties of CYVCV, thus laying a foundation for further investigation of pathogenic mechanisms in this virus.

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First Report of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus Infecting Spinach in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-5-0640a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (5) ◽

pp. 640-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H.-Y. Liu ◽

B. Mou ◽

K. Richardson ◽

S. T. Koike

Keyword(s):

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Sandwich Elisa ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Polymyxa Betae ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Rigid Rod

In 2009, plants from two spinach (Spinacia oleracea) experimental fields in Monterey County and one commercial spinach field in Ventura County of California exhibited vein-clearing, mottling, interveinal yellowing, and stunting symptoms. For experimental fields, up to 44% of spinach plants have symptoms. With a transmission electron microscope, rigid rod-shaped particles with central canals were observed from plant sap of the symptomatic spinach. Analysis with a double-antibody sandwich-ELISA assay for Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) showed that all 10 symptomatic plants we tested were positive and 5 asymptomatic plants were negative. Symptomatic spinach from both counties was used for mechanical transmission experiments. Chenopodium quinoa, Tetragonia expansa, and Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) showed chlorotic local lesions and B. macrocarpa and spinach showed vein-clearing, mottling, and systemic infections. To further confirm the presence of BNYVV, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was conducted. Total RNA was extracted from field- and mechanically inoculated symptomatic spinach plants using an RNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) and used as a template in RT-PCR. Forward and reverse primers specific to the BNYVV RNA-3 P25 protein gene from the beet isolate were used (2). Amplicons of the expected size (approximately 860 bp) were obtained. Four RT-PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were identical (GenBank Accession No. GU135626). Sequences from the spinach plants had 97 to 99% nucleotide and 94 to 100% amino acid identity with BNYVV RNA-3 P25 protein sequences available in the GenBank. On the basis of the data from electron microscopy, indicator plants, serology, and cDNA sequencing, the virus was identified as BNYVV. BNYVV has been reported from spinach fields in Italy (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of BNYVV occurring naturally on spinach in California. Since BNYVV is transmitted by the zoospores of the soil-inhabiting plasmodiophorid Polymyxa betae, it could be a new threat to spinach production in the state. References: (1) C. R. Autonell et al. Inf. Fitopatol. 45:43, 1995. (2) H.-Y. Liu and R. T. Lewellen, Plant Dis. 91:847, 2007.

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Identification of Dialeurodes citri as a Vector of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-18-0911-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Y. H. Zhang ◽

C. H. Liu ◽

Q. Wang ◽

Y. L. Wang ◽

C. Y. Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Disease ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Sour Orange ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Panonychus Citri ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Access Period ◽

Inoculation Access Period ◽

Dialeurodes Citri ◽

The Mean

In 2009, a new citrus viral disease caused by Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) was first discovered in China and now CYVCV is widely distributed in the field. CYVCV is transmissible by grafting and is spread by aphids from lemon to bean, and from bean to bean. However, until now, no vector has been shown to transmit CYVCV from citrus to citrus. In this study, after a 24-h acquisition access period (AAP), CYVCV was tested for in Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), Panonychus citri McGregor, and Aphis citricidus (Kirkaldy) by quantitative RT-PCR. After an AAP of 48 h, groups of adults of D. citri, P. citri, and A. citricidus were given a 48 h inoculation access period on cultivar Daidai sour orange seedlings. Three, 6, and 12 months post-transmission by D. citri, CYVCV was detected in the receptor plants, and the mean incidence of infected trees was 31.9, 39.1, and 39.1%, respectively. CYVCV was not transmitted to citrus by P. citri or A. citricidus. This is the first report of the ability of D. citri to transmit CYVCV from infected to healthy citrus under laboratory conditions.

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Recent Advances on Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in Citrus

Horticultural Plant Journal ◽

10.1016/j.hpj.2020.05.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 216-222

Author(s):

Cuihua Liu ◽

Hai Liu ◽

John Hurst ◽

Michael P Timko ◽

Changyong Zhou

Keyword(s):

Yellow Vein ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Recent Advances

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Molecular characterization of a citrus yellow vein clearing virus strain from China

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-015-2423-1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 160 (7) ◽

pp. 1811-1813 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Song Zhen ◽

Elizabeth G. Kurth ◽

Valera V. Peremyslov ◽

Zhou Changyong ◽

Valerian V. Dolja

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Virus Strain ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Vein Clearing

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Aphis gossypii Glover is a vector of citrus yellow vein clearing virus

Journal of General Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10327-020-00976-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 83-86

Author(s):

Fabrice M. Afloukou ◽

Filiz Çalişkan ◽

Nüket Önelge

Keyword(s):

Aphis Gossypii ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Aphis Gossypii Glover

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Distribution and molecularcharacterization of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in Yunnan Province of China

Chilean journal of agricultural research ◽

10.4067/s0718-58392020000100133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 133-139

Author(s):

Qin Wang ◽

Yingli Wang ◽

Zhen Yang ◽

Shaoguo He ◽

Qiang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yunnan Province ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Vein Clearing

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Association of a Filamentous Virus with Yellow Vein Clearing of Lemon

International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010) ◽

10.5070/c56687x3ts ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

Author(s):

V. Grimaldi ◽

A. Catara

Keyword(s):

Yellow Vein ◽

Vein Clearing

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Occurrence, Distribution, and Molecular Characterization of Citrus yellow vein clearing virus in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-16-0679-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 137-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Y. Zhou ◽

H. M. Chen ◽

M. J. Cao ◽

X. F. Wang ◽

X. Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Disease ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

Sequence Heterogeneity ◽

Vein Clearing ◽

Sequence Identity ◽

Geographic Origins ◽

The World ◽

Citrus Orchards

In 2009, a new citrus viral disease caused by Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) was discovered in China. To more effectively monitor the presence of CYVCV, a survey was conducted in 166 citrus orchards from 11 major citrus-growing provinces in China from May 2014 to April 2016. In all, 458 of a total of 2,350 citrus samples tested positive for CYVCV, demonstrating that the virus is widely distributed in China. In this study, the complete genome sequences of 19 CYVCV isolates from different provinces and hosts were sequenced and characterized. Comparisons of the whole-genome sequences of these 19 CYVCV isolates as well as 4 isolates previously reported from around the world revealed that the sequence identity ranged from 97.1 to 99.8%, indicating that there is a very low level of sequence heterogeneity among CYVCV isolates of different geographic origins and hosts. Phylogenetic analysis of these 23 genomic sequences suggested that all of the isolates from China were clustered into the same clade, clearly apart from the CYVCV isolates from Turkey and Pakistan. To our knowledge, this is the first extensive survey conducted in China for CYVCV incidence.

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