Ijtihād and the Regional Origins of a Universal Vision

2018 ◽  
pp. 56-93
Author(s):  
Ahmad S. Dallal
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Regional Differences

This chapter takes issue with the popular network thesis which argues that an intellectual network of likeminded, reformist scholars was generated as a result of travelling through and residence and education in Mecca and Medina. In contrast, the chapter demonstrates the diversity and regional origins of most reform projects in the eighteenth century. It illustrates, for example, the regional differences between ways in which the idea of ijtihad was deployed, and relates these differences to regional traditions of scholarship.

Regional and chronological variations in energy harvests from prehistoric fauna in New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Predation ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Regional variations in the subsistence practices of New Zealand’s indigenous Maori were recognized by the first Europeans who studied them closely in the late eighteenth century. There is now a critical need to reassess the evidence for both regional and chronological variations in evidence for the types and relative importance of the foods that prehistoric Maori ate to establish when, where, and how changes took place. Reliably dated archaeological assemblages from two New Zealand study areas are examined to generate estimates of the dietary energy harvested from major classes of fauna. These reveal changes over time which are attributable to human predation, and regional differences that reflect differing trajectories of human population growth.

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