scholarly journals Capillary rise affecting crop yields under different environmental conditions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop Kroes ◽  
Iwan Supit ◽  
Martin Mulder ◽  
Jos Van Dam ◽  
Paul Van Walsum
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Flow Regimes ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper describes analyses of different soil water flow regimes on growth and yields of grass, maize and potato crops in the Dutch delta, with a focus on the role of capillary rise. Different flow regimes are characterised by differences in soil composition and structure are derived from a national soil database. Capillary rise and its influence on crop growth and resulting yields is simulated using Swap-Wofost with different boundary conditions. Case studies and model experiments are used to illustrate the impact of capillary rise. This impact is clearly present in situations where a groundwater level is present (85 % of NL) but also in other situations the impact of capillary rise on crop growth and production is considerable. When one compares situations with average groundwater levels with free drainage conditions without capillary rise yield-reductions of grassland, maize and potatoes are respectively 25, 4 and 15 % or respectively about 3.2, 0.5 and 1.6 ton dry Matter per ha. Neglecting capillary rise also has impact on the downward leaching water flux, the groundwater recharge. Impact can be considerable; for grassland and potatoes the reduction is 17 and 46 % or 64 and 34 mm. Modelling of soil water flow should consider capillary rise of soil water which will results in improved yield and downward leaching simulations.

scholarly journals Impact of capillary rise and recirculation on crop yields

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop Kroes ◽  
Iwan Supit ◽  
Jos Van Dam ◽  
Paul Van Walsum ◽  
Martin Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Flow Regimes ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Upward Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percolation Water

Abstract. This paper describes impact analyses of various soil water flow regimes on grass, maize and potato yields in the Dutch delta, with a focus on upward soil water flows capillary rise and recirculation towards the rootzone. Flow regimes are characterised by soil composition and groundwater depth and derived from a national soil database. The intermittent occurrence of upward flow and its influence on crop growth are simulated with the combined SWAP-WOFOST model using various boundary conditions. Case studies and model experiments are used to illustrate impact of upward flow on yield and crop growth. This impact is clearly present in situations with relatively shallow groundwater levels (85 % of the Netherlands), where capillary rise is the main flow source; but also in free-draining situations the impact of upward flow is considerable. In the latter case recirculated percolation water is the flow source. To make this impact explicit we implemented a synthetic modelling option that stops upward flow from reaching the root zone, without inhibiting percolation. Such a hypothetically moisture-stressed situation compared to a natural one in the presence of shallow groundwater shows mean yield reductions for grassland, maize and potatoes of respectively 25, 4 and 15 % or respectively about 3.2, 0.5 and 1.6 ton dry matter per ha. About half of the withheld water behind these yield effects comes from recirculated percolation water as occurs in free drainage conditions and the other half comes from increased upward capillary rise. Soil water and crop growth modelling should consider both capillary rise from groundwater and recirculation of percolation water as this improves the accuracy of yield simulations. This also improves the accuracy of the simulated groundwater recharge: neglecting these processes causes overestimates of 17 % for grassland and 46 % for potatoes, or 70 and 34 mm a−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Impact of capillary rise and recirculation on simulated crop yields

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2937-2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop Kroes ◽  
Iwan Supit ◽  
Jos van Dam ◽  
Paul van Walsum ◽  
Martin Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Upward Flow ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Percolation Water

Abstract. Upward soil water flow is a vital supply of water to crops. The purpose of this study is to determine if upward flow and recirculated percolation water can be quantified separately, and to determine the contribution of capillary rise and recirculated water to crop yield and groundwater recharge. Therefore, we performed impact analyses of various soil water flow regimes on grass, maize and potato yields in the Dutch delta. Flow regimes are characterized by soil composition and groundwater depth and derived from a national soil database. The intermittent occurrence of upward flow and its influence on crop growth are simulated with the combined SWAP-WOFOST model using various boundary conditions. Case studies and model experiments are used to illustrate the impact of upward flow on yield and crop growth. This impact is clearly present in situations with relatively shallow groundwater levels (85 % of the Netherlands), where capillary rise is a well-known source of upward flow; but also in free-draining situations the impact of upward flow is considerable. In the latter case recirculated percolation water is the flow source. To make this impact explicit we implemented a synthetic modelling option that stops upward flow from reaching the root zone, without inhibiting percolation. Such a hypothetically moisture-stressed situation compared to a natural one in the presence of shallow groundwater shows mean yield reductions for grassland, maize and potatoes of respectively 26, 3 and 14 % or respectively about 3.7, 0.3 and 1.5 t dry matter per hectare. About half of the withheld water behind these yield effects comes from recirculated percolation water as occurs in free-drainage conditions and the other half comes from increased upward capillary rise. Soil water and crop growth modelling should consider both capillary rise from groundwater and recirculation of percolation water as this improves the accuracy of yield simulations. This also improves the accuracy of the simulated groundwater recharge: neglecting these processes causes overestimates of 17 % for grassland and 46 % for potatoes, or 63 and 34 mm yr−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Combined Modelling of Groundwater Table and Open Water Level in Raised Mires

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. M. Spieksma ◽  
J. M. Schouwenaars ◽  
J. Blankenburg
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Model Concept ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Model Approach

Wetlands are mostly characterized by a large proportion of open water and frequent inundation. In most soil water flow models little attention is payed to phenomena related to open water. In this study, limitations of one dimensional soil water flow models in wetlands are identified. A simple model approach for incorporating the relation between open water and groundwater in soil water flow models is introduced. This model concept is implemented in an extended version of the SWATRE model and tested with data from three lowland raised mires (Engbertdijksvenen, Fochteloërveen (The Netherlands) and Leegmoor (Germany)). The model runs are evaluated by comparing measured and calculated groundwater levels. Results show that the runs with the extended SWATRE model (Standard Error of estimate 4.32-10.9 cm) are considerably better than runs with the standard SWATRE model (Standard Error of estimate 17.6-33.2 cm). It is concluded that a modified quasi two-dimensional approach improves the simulation of water table fluctuations in wetlands.

scholarly journals Governing equations of transient soil water flow and soil water flux in multi – dimensional fractional anisotropic media and fractional time

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Levent Kavvas ◽  
Ali Ercan ◽  
James Polsinelli
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Derivative ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Continuity Equation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Anisotropic Media ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
Soil Water Flux

Abstract. In this study dimensionally-consistent governing equations of continuity and motion for transient soil water flow and soil water flux in fractional time and in fractional multiple space dimensions in anisotropic media are developed. Due to the anisotropy in the hydraulic conductivities of natural soils, the soil medium within which the soil water flow occurs is essentially anisotropic. Accordingly, in this study the fractional dimensions in two horizontal and one vertical directions are considered to be different, resulting in multi-fractional multi-dimensional soil space within which the flow takes place. Toward the development of the fractional governing equations, first a dimensionally-consistent continuity equation for soil water flow in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time is developed. It is shown that the fractional soil water flow continuity equation approaches the conventional integer form of the continuity equation as the fractional derivative powers approach integer values. For the motion equation of soil water flow, or the equation of water flux within the soil matrix in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time, a dimensionally consistent equation is also developed. Again, it is shown that this fractional water flux equation approaches the conventional Darcy's equation as the fractional derivative powers approach integer values. From the combination of the fractional continuity and motion equations, the governing equation of transient soil water flow in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time is obtained. It is shown that this equation approaches the conventional Richards equation as the fractional derivative powers approach integer values. Then by the introduction of the Brooks-Corey constitutive relationships for soil water into the fractional transient soil water flow equation, an explicit form of the equation is obtained in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time. The governing fractional equation is then specialized to the case of only vertical soil water flow and of only horizontal soil water flow in fractional time-space. It is shown that the developed governing equations, in their fractional time but integer space forms, show behavior consistent with the previous experimental observations concerning the diffusive behavior of soil water flow.

A new modelling approach to simulate preferential flow and transport in water repellent porous media: Parameter sensitivity, and effects on crop growth and solute leaching

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kramers ◽  
J. C. van Dam ◽  
C. J. Ritsema ◽  
F. Stagnitti ◽  
K. Oostindie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Parameter Sensitivity ◽  
Uniform Flow ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Soil Water Flow

A modified version of the popular agrohydrological model SWAP has been used to evaluate modelling of soil water flow and crop growth at field situations in which water repellency causes preferential flow. The parameter sensitivity in such situations has been studied. Three options to model soil water flow within SWAP are described and compared: uniform flow, the classical mobile-immobile concept, and a recent concept accounting for the dynamics of finger development resulting from unstable infiltration. Data collected from a severely water-repellent affected soil located in Australia were used to compare and evaluate the usefulness of the modelling options for the agricultural management of such soils. The study shows that an assumption of uniform flow in a water-repellent soil profile leads to an underestimation of groundwater recharge and an overestimation of plant transpiration and crop production. The new concept of modelling taking finger dynamics into account provides greater flexibility and can more accurately model the observed effects of preferential flow compared with the classical mobile–immobile concept. The parameter analysis indicates that the most important factor defining the presence and extremity of preferential flow is the critical soil water content. Comparison of the modelling results with the Australian field data showed that without the use of a preferential flow module, the effects of the clay amendments to the soil were insufficiently reproduced in the dry matter production results. This means that the physical characteristics of the soil alone are not sufficient to explain the measured increase in production on clay amended soils. However, modelling with the module accounting for finger dynamics indicated that the preferential flow in water repellent soils that had not been treated with clay caused water stress for the crops, which would explain the decrease in production.

scholarly journals Governing equations of transient soil water flow and soil water flux in multi-dimensional fractional anisotropic media and fractional time

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1547-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Levent Kavvas ◽  
Ali Ercan ◽  
James Polsinelli
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Derivative ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Continuity Equation ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Anisotropic Media ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
Soil Water Flux

Abstract. In this study dimensionally consistent governing equations of continuity and motion for transient soil water flow and soil water flux in fractional time and in fractional multiple space dimensions in anisotropic media are developed. Due to the anisotropy in the hydraulic conductivities of natural soils, the soil medium within which the soil water flow occurs is essentially anisotropic. Accordingly, in this study the fractional dimensions in two horizontal and one vertical directions are considered to be different, resulting in multi-fractional multi-dimensional soil space within which the flow takes place. Toward the development of the fractional governing equations, first a dimensionally consistent continuity equation for soil water flow in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time is developed. It is shown that the fractional soil water flow continuity equation approaches the conventional integer form of the continuity equation as the fractional derivative powers approach integer values. For the motion equation of soil water flow, or the equation of water flux within the soil matrix in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time, a dimensionally consistent equation is also developed. Again, it is shown that this fractional water flux equation approaches the conventional Darcy equation as the fractional derivative powers approach integer values. From the combination of the fractional continuity and motion equations, the governing equation of transient soil water flow in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time is obtained. It is shown that this equation approaches the conventional Richards equation as the fractional derivative powers approach integer values. Then by the introduction of the Brooks–Corey constitutive relationships for soil water into the fractional transient soil water flow equation, an explicit form of the equation is obtained in multi-dimensional fractional soil space and fractional time. The governing fractional equation is then specialized to the case of only vertical soil water flow and of only horizontal soil water flow in fractional time–space. It is shown that the developed governing equations, in their fractional time but integer space forms, show behavior consistent with the previous experimental observations concerning the diffusive behavior of soil water flow.

scholarly journals Soil water flow due to surface topography in research drainage plots

age ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Logsdon ◽  
Cindy Cambardella
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Soil Water Flow
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