From sambaquis (shell mounds) to plastic debris: a summary of the geological imprint of human occupation in the coast of São Paulo (Southeast Brazil)

Temporal and spatial variation of Nitella furcata (Roxburgh ex Bruzelius) C. Agardh emend. R.D. Wood subsp. mucronata (A. Braun) R.D. Wood var. mucronata f. oligospira (A. Braun) R.D. Wood were studied at the Ninféias pond (23°38'18.9"S, 46°37'16.3"W), a tropical, shallow, mesotrophic reservoir located in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga Biological Reserve, Municipality of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Water samples were collected monthly from October/1996 to October/1997 for turbidity, electric conductivity, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, biomass, and algal phenology analysis. Spatial distribution pattern of algal biomass showed that all four sampling stations were similar among themselves during the whole study period. Regarding the temporal variation, greatest algal total biomass values (98.35-266.06 g.m-2) were measured during the rainy period whereas the smallest ones (48.86-170.56 g.m-2) were detected during the dry period. Algal population density peaked at all four sampling stations from October/1996 to April/1997 (rainy period) when the greatest values of air and water temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, turbidity, total nitrogen, and ammonium were measured allowing favorable conditions for the algal growth. Period from May/1997 (late fall) to October/1997 (early spring) was favorable to the development of reproductive structures (nucules and globules) with consequent decrease of algal biomass and population density, clearly suggesting the greatest energy allocation towards the development of sexual reproductive structures. This fact was confirmed by the canonic correspondence analysis that indicated strong correlation between nucules length and width, number of nucules per plant, and oospores length and width with the low values of pH and high ones of dissolved inorganic matter detected during the dry period. Consequently, environmental factors such as increasing of water temperature and nutrients availability at the Ninféias pond acted decisively towards growth and accumulation of algal biomass.

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Osteology and utilization of white shark teeth, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (Elasmobranchii, Lamnidae) at shell mounds of São Paulo.

Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia ◽

10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2003.109463 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Manoel M.B. Gonzalez ◽

Sandra Nami Amenomori

Keyword(s):

Sao Paulo ◽

White Shark ◽

São Paulo ◽

Carcharodon Carcharias ◽

Shark Teeth ◽

Shell Mounds

Nos sambaquis do litoral brasileiro são comumente encontrados dentes de tubarões e raias, sendo ainda discutido o valor destas espécies para os grupos de pescadores-coletores pré-históricos. A escolha em trabalhar com dentes de C. carcharias, reflete a importância que esta espécie possui no ecossistema marinho antigo e atual. Foram analisados 81 dentes de sete sambaquis. Dos dentes analisados, 37,03% estavam relacionados a sepultamentos, e do total concluímos que 56,79% foram utilizados como adomo e 43,20% como instrumento. Com metodologia padrão consideramos o NMI= 11, tendo o menor espécime 2,40 m e o maior 4,60 m. A determinação do NMI demonstra que esta espécie não era comum e abundante, possuindo boa representatividade. Os dentes ocorreram em 47,36% associados a sepultamentos de crianças, podendo estar ligados a elementos votivos ou cerimoniais.

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Genomic Surveillance of Yellow Fever Virus Epizootic in São Paulo, Brazil, 2016 – 2018

10.1101/645341 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. C. Hill ◽

R. P. de Souza ◽

J. Thézé ◽

I. Claro ◽

R. S. Aguiar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow Fever ◽

Yellow Fever Virus ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

Fever Virus ◽

São Paulo ◽

Paulo State ◽

Southeast Brazil ◽

São Paulo State ◽

Substantial Heterogeneity

AbstractSão Paulo (SP), a densely inhabited state in southeast Brazil that contains the fourth most populated city in the world, recently experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. YFV does not normally circulate extensively in SP, so most people were unvaccinated when the outbreak began. Surveillance in non-human primates (NHPs) is important for determining the magnitude and geographic extent of an epizootic, thereby helping to evaluate the risk of YFV spillover to humans. Data from infected NHPs can give more accurate insights into YFV spread than when using data from human cases alone. To contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in SP, we generated and analysed virus genomic data and epizootic case data from NHP in SP. We report the occurrence of three spatiotemporally distinct phases of the outbreak in SP prior to February 2018. We generated 51 new virus genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 23 different municipalities in SP, mostly sampled from non-human primates between October 2016 and January 2018. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in lineage dispersal velocities between phylogenetic branches, continuous phylogeographic analyses of generated YFV genomes suggest that YFV lineages spread in São Paulo state at a mean rate of approximately 1km per day during all phases of the outbreak. Viral lineages from the first epizootic phase in northern São Paulo subsequently dispersed towards the south of the state to cause the second and third epizootic phases there. This alters our understanding of how YFV was introduced into the densely populated south of SP state. Our results shed light on the sylvatic transmission of yellow fever in highly fragmented forested regions in SP state and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel species.Author’s SummarySince July 2016, the southeast region of Brazil has experienced the largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. São Paulo is the most densely populated state in southeast Brazil. The outbreak has caused serious public health concern in the state, as YFV does not normally circulate widely there and most of the 21 million inhabitants were correspondingly unvaccinated against YFV when the outbreak began. In Brazil, YFV typically circulates among non-human primates, and human cases represent isolated spillover events from this predominantly sylvatic cycle. Understanding the epidemiological dynamics and spread of YFV in non-human primates is therefore critical for contextualising human cases, and guiding vaccination strategies that can better protect local human populations. Here, we aim to contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in SP. We analyse the geographic and temporal distribution of observed cases of YFV in non-human primates in São Paulo state, and identify three distinct phases of the epizootic. We generate sequence data from 51 YFV-positive cases and perform phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses aimed at understanding the spatial spread of YFV in São Paulo state. Analyses of these data indicate that YFV spread from the north of São Paulo state into more densely populated southern regions. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in the rate at which different sampled YFV lineages spread, the typical rate of spread was low with a mean rate of ~1 km per day. This is consistent with a scenario in which the majority of transmission events occurred between non-human primates and sylvatic vectors across forested patches.Article Summary LineGenomic surveillance of yellow fever in São Paulo during the 2016-2018 epizootic

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