Intra-refresh macroblocks and data partitioning are two error-resilience tools aimed at video streaming over wireless networks. Intra-refresh macroblocks avoids the repetitive delays associated with periodic intra-coded frames, while also arresting temporal error propagation. Data-partitioning divides a compressed data stream according to the data importance, allowing packet prioritization schemes to be designed. This chapter reviews these and other error-resilience tools from the H.264 codec. As an illustration of the use of these tools, the chapter demonstrates a wireless access scheme that selectively drops packets that carry intra-refresh macroblocks. This counter-intuitive scheme actually results in better video quality than if packets containing transform coefficients were to be selectively dropped. Dropping only occurs when in the presence of wireless network congestion, as at other times the intra-coded macroblocks protect the video against random bit errors. Any packet dropping takes place under IEEE 802.11e, which is a quality-of-service addition to the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LANs. The chapter shows that, by this scheme, when congestion occurs, it is possible to gain up to 2 dB in video quality over assigning a stream to a single IEEE 802.11e access category. The scheme is shown to be consistently advantageous in indoor and outdoor wireless scenarios over other ways of assigning the partitioned data packets to different access categories. The chapter also contains a review of other research ideas using intra-refresh macroblocks and data-partitioning, as well as a look at the research outlook, now that the High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC) has been released.
Performance Evaluation of Bit Error Resilience for Pixel-domain Wyner-Ziv Video Codec with Frame Difference Residual Signal
