Disorders of cranial and spinal nerves

The present study was carried out to determine the morphological structure and the branches of the lumbosacral plexus in the indigenous duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Six mature indigenous ducks were used in this study. After administering an anesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The nerves of the lumbosacral plexus were dissected separately and photographed. The lumbosacral plexus consisted of lumbar and sacral plexus innervated to the hind limb. The lumbar plexus was formed by the union of three roots of spinal nerves that included last two and first sacral spinal nerve. Among three roots, second (middle) root was the highest in diameter and the last root was least in diameter. We noticed five branches of the lumbar plexus which included obturator, cutaneous femoral, saphenus, cranial coxal, and the femoral nerve. The six roots of spinal nerves, which contributed to form three trunks, formed the sacral plexus of duck. The three trunks united medial to the acetabular foramen and formed a compact, cylindrical bundle, the ischiatic nerve. The principal branches of the sacral plexus were the tibial and fibular nerves that together made up the ischiatic nerve. Other branches were the caudal coxal nerve, the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve and the muscular branches. This study was the first work on the lumbosacral plexus of duck and its results may serve as a basis for further investigation on this subject.

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Epidural Intervention of Spinal Nerves With Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04062474 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Spinal Nerves ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Necrosis Factor

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A Further Study of the Motoneuron-Depolarizing Peptide Extracted from Dorsal Roots of Bovine Spinal Nerves

Proceedings of the Japan Academy ◽

10.2183/pjab1945.48.747 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 747-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Masanori OTSUKA ◽

Shiro KONISHI ◽

Tomoyuki TAKAHASHI

Keyword(s):

Spinal Nerves ◽

Dorsal Roots

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A study of the development of the head and pharynx of the larval urodele Hynobius and its bearing on the evolution of the vertebrate head

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1959.0004 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 242 (690) ◽

pp. 151-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Keyword(s):

Cranial Nerves ◽

Blood System ◽

The Other ◽

Neural Arch ◽

Classical View ◽

Spinal Nerves ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Muscle Nerve ◽

11Th Segment ◽

Nasal Capsule

The early development of the head and pharynx of Hynobius nebulosus (11.5 to 32 mm long) and retardatus (27 and 37 mm specimens) was investigated in some detail from transverse serial microtome sections. Analysis included the chondrocranium, jaws and hyobranchial skeleton, ossifications, cranial and anterior spinal nerves, musculature, blood system and other associated anatomical features. The structure of the skeletogenous elements in general agreed with earlier descriptions. However, a rudimentary fenestra lateralis nasi is found in the nasal capsule of H. nebulosus , hitherto not reported, and a complete cartilaginous processus pterygoideus, confluent with the trabecula and inner margin of the lamina orbito-nasalis described by Edgeworth (1923 a ), was not extant in any Hynobius specimen. H. retardatus has a hypoglossal foramen (and nerve) and joins H. nebulosus (Fox 1957), Cryptobranchus japonicus and alleghaniensis as the only living Amphibia to possess this structure. The neural arch homology of the occipital crest is reaffirmed. The columella stilus of the 32 mm H. nebulosus is confluent with the pterygo-quadrate cartilage and because the hyoid and columella have a common blastematous origin in Hypogeophis (Marcus 1910), it is suggested that there was an ancestral cartilaginous continuity between the hyoid and pterygo-quadrate cartilage, similar to the commissura terminales of the branchiale. This feature would further emphasize the branchial segmental homologies of the mandibular cartilage, hyoid and branchiale. The pattern of the cranial nerves is similar to that of other urodele larvae and the arrangement of the profundus and maxillaris nerves supports the view of the descent of urodeles from porolepiforme crossopterygians (Jarvik 1942). There is a segmental series of eleven head-pharynx segments, a complete branchial segment including a levator muscle, nerve, cartilage bar and gill cleft. Each post-hyoid segment is complete except for the absence of branchiale V and VI, and behind the fourth functional gill cleft there are three vestigial blind ones and then the larynx and trachea leading to the lungs. The masseter (2nd segment), digastricus (3rd segment), dilator laryngeus (10th segment) and trapezius (11th segment) are considered to be the homologues of the other six intervening levator gill arch muscles. The arytenoid and tracheal cartilages are considered to be branchial bars of the 10th and 11th segments respectively, and the lungs to have developed from gill pouches of the 11th segment which failed to reach the exterior early in vertebrate evolution. The classical view of the homology of the laryngo-tracheal skeleton with a branchial bar enunciated by Gegenbaur and Wilder independently in 1892 is therefore upheld; disagreement is merely a numerical one. The basic segmental components of the amphibian head and pharynx are modified in ontogeny by omission, distortion or addition, in order to fit the animal for a terrestrial existence.

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Perineural spread of pelvic malignancies to the lumbosacral plexus and beyond: clinical and imaging patterns

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/2015.7.focus15209 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. E14 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Stepan Capek ◽

Benjamin M. Howe ◽

Kimberly K. Amrami ◽

Robert J. Spinner

Keyword(s):

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Lumbosacral Plexus ◽

Perineural Spread ◽

Tumor Spread ◽

Spinal Nerves ◽

Lumbosacral Plexopathy ◽

Pelvic Cancer ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

OBJECT Perineural spread along pelvic autonomie nerves has emerged as a logical, anatomical explanation for selected cases of neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathy (LSP) in patients with prostate, bladder, rectal, and cervical cancer. The authors wondered whether common radiological and clinical patterns shared by various types of pelvic cancer exist. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed their institutional series of 17 cases concluded as perineural tumor spread. All available history, physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, biopsy data and imaging studies, evidence of other metastatic disease, and follow-up were recorded in detail. The series was divided into 2 groups: cases with neoplastic lumbosacral plexopathy confirmed by biopsy (Group A) and cases included based on imaging characteristics despite the lack of biopsy or negative biopsy results (Group B). RESULTS Group A comprised 10 patients (mean age 69 years); 9 patients were symptomatic and 1 was asymptomatic. The L5–S1 spinal nerves and sciatic nerve were most frequently involved. Three patients had intradural extension. Seven patients were alive at last follow-up. Group B consisted of 7 patients (mean age 64 years); 4 patients were symptomatic, 2 were asymptomatic, and 1 had only imaging available. The L5–S1 spinal nerves and the sciatic nerve were most frequently involved. No patients had intradural extension. Four patients were alive at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The authors provide a unifying theory to explain lumbosacral plexopathy in select cases of various pelvic neoplasms. The tumor cells can use splanchnic nerves as conduits and spread from the end organ to the lumbosacral plexus. Tumor can continue to spread along osseous and muscle nerve branches, resulting in muscle and bone “metastases.” Radiological studies show a reproducible, although nonspecific pattern, and the same applies to clinical presentation.

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