GROUNDS (CRITERIA) OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE AMENDMENT TO THE LABOUR CODE OF 16 MAY 2019 IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL AND EU LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny II (XXI) ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
Helena Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
Socially Relevant

On 7 September 2019, another amendment to the Labour Code entered into force, which introduced, among other things, an open catalogue of the grounds (criteria) of discrimination. De lege lata enumeration of the grounds of discrimination in the Labour Code is illustrative regardless of whether such criteria pertain to personal characteristics of an employee, an employee’s life choices unrelated to their job, job performed by an employee or a legal status of an employer, etc. It means that any unequal treatment of employees not justified by objective reasons is now regarded as discrimination in employment. However, the new grounds (criteria) of discrimination should be actual, specific and socially relevant. Employees’ claims in this respect should be based on a legitimate (well-balanced and objective) reason and make it objectively plausible. As a consequence, employees will be able to claim compensation under Article 183d of the Labour Code from the employer on various grounds of discrimination, and not only those referred to and specified in the Labour Code.

scholarly journals The Europeanisation of Spanish Administrative Law through the Principle of Legitimate Expectations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-86
Author(s):  
Luis Arroyo Jiménez ◽  
Gabriel Doménech Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Legitimate Expectations ◽  
The Eu

This article describes the Europeanisation of Spanish administrative law as a result of the influence of the EU law general principle of legitimate expectations. It examines, firstly, whether the formal incorporation of the principle of legitimate expectations into national legislation and case law has modified the substance of the latter, and if so, secondly, whether this has led to a weaker or a more robust protection of the legal status quo. To carry out that examination, the article considers the influence of the principle of legitimate expectations in two different areas: in individual administrative decision-making, and in legislative and administrative rulemaking. Our conclusion is that the Europeanisation of Spanish administrative law through the principle of legitimate expectations has been variable and ambiguous.

The Undeserving Sick? An Evaluation of Patients’ Responsibility for Their Health Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
CHRISTINE CLAVIEN ◽  
SAMIA HURST
Keyword(s):  
Health Condition ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Healthcare Insurance

The recent increased prevalence of diseases related to unhealthy lifestyles raises difficulties for healthcare insurance systems traditionally based on the principles of risk-management, solidarity, and selective altruism: since these diseases are, to some extent, predictable and avoidable, patients seem to bear some responsibility for their condition and may not deserve full access to social medical services. Here, we investigate with objective criteria to what extent it is warranted to hold patients responsible for their illness and to sanction them accordingly. We ground our analysis on a series of minimal conditions for ‘practical’ and for ‘moral’ responsibility attribution. By applying these criteria consistently, we highlight that individual responsibility applies to risk-taking life choices rather than stigmatized sickness. We explain that responsibility is a matter of degree, that it varies across life-history, and can be affected by factors beyond the patients’ grasp. We point out that scientific knowledge about the effect of these factors generates responsibilities for other parties such as public health agencies and private industry. The upshot of our analysis is that health policies targeting the ‘liable’ undeserving sick are mostly unwarranted, and tend to increase unequal treatment of already vulnerable groups: the unlucky sick.

Reasonable Accommodation for Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-143
Author(s):  
Refia Kaya
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Reasonable Accommodation ◽  
Wide Scope ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
The Eu

Ensuring equal liberties requires neutral, i.e. impartial, settings where nobody would be deprived of freedom because of their personal characteristics. Religion and disability appear as characteristics which may clash with the existing social and physical environments. Therefore, the necessity of adjusting the existing environment, i.e., reasonable accommodation, is mostly discussed in reference to religion and disability. I aim to discuss reasonable accommodation from a different perspective and ask whether reasonable accommodation should be extended to age issues. I propose that age can lead to differences in conscience or culture like religion. Age can also be a source of dis/ability so it can be compared to accustomed disabilities. Eventually, age may also clash with the existing social and physical environments. I further propose that age is not only similar to but also different from religion and disability when it comes to reasonable accommodation. Therefore, I defend, reasonable accommodation should be extended to age in a special way. The next question then is how age could be accommodated under the European Union (EU) law, especially when we consider that reasonable accommodation law does not have a wide scope in the EU, unlike in Canada.

Of General Principles and Trojan Horses — Procedural Due Process in Immigration Proceedings under EU Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1006-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Bast
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Procedural Due Process ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Legal Position

AbstractThe present paper concerns procedural guarantees in immigration proceedings, thus addressing the broader question of the role of the general principles of EU law in respect of administrative decision-making. The main assertion is that certain requirements of procedural due process are recognized in EU law as fundamental rights. They must therefore be observed by Member State authorities when decisions significantly affecting the legal position of a person are taken, provided that the decision is at least partly determined by EU law. The relevant immigration proceedings involve measures related to the termination of residence as well as decisions related to denial or loss of a particular legal status. In effect, the actual scope of application of the EU's administrative fundamental rights is determined by the actual scope of activity of the European legislator. The author concludes that even a relatively ‘shallow’ harmonization of laws can lead to a ‘deep’ reshaping of the domestic legal order, by becoming a Trojan Horse for fundamental rights heretofore alien to some national immigration regimes.

scholarly journals The Court of Justice, the National Courts, and the Controversy over the ‘Ultimate Arbiter’ of the Constitutionality of Law in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-41
Author(s):  
Roman Kwiecień
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The One

The paper addresses the issue of a judicial forum entitled to resolve conflicts between European Union law and national constitutional rules. First and foremost, the issue is discussed under the old primacy/supremacy of EU law controversy. The author seeks to answer whether the national law, including constitutional rules, of a Member State can be ineffective owing to being contradictory to EU law. If so, by whom can national laws be held ineffective? In other words, which of the two judicial fora (national and European) have the last word in these conflicts or who is the ultimate arbiter of the constitutionality of law within the European legal space? The author argues that legal reasoning should reconcile, on the one hand, the specificity of the EU’s unique legal order and effective application of its provisions and, on the other hand, the international legal status of the Member States and their constitutions. This approach leads to the conclusion that there is no ultimate judicial arbiter within the European legal space.

The Polluter Pays Principle in EU Climate Law: an Effective Tool before the Courts?

Climate Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Suzanne Kingston
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Energy Law ◽  
The Eu

In EU law the polluter pays principle (ppp) enjoys constitutional status: Article 191(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (tfeu) enshrines it among the fundamental principles of the EU’s environmental policy. This article considers the legal status and development of the ppp in EU law, in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (cjeu) and in EU policy, most recently in the EU’s Green New Deal. It goes on to identify three bodies of climate-related litigation where the ppp has been most influential to date: first, cases concerning the EU ets and emissions; second, cases concerning EU energy law; and third, cases concerning EU state-aid law. The conclusion reflects on the potential role of the ppp in other areas, including climate cases based on human and environmental rights, and climate cases brought against private parties.

Women and the Constitution

1983 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
Joan Hoff-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Fourteenth Amendment ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Women Reformers ◽  
Nineteenth Amendment ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
Status Of Women

The seminar will explore the historical development surrounding changes in the legal status of women from the colonial period to the present. In addition to specialized readings in constitutional history, video cassettes which analyze aspects of modern case laws affecting contemporary American women will also comprise a segment of the instructional material. Particular attention will be paid to the historical circumstances prompting women reformers to place varying degrees of emphasis upon achieving equality through equity procedures, litigation, amendments to the Constitution and public policy legislation. Bibliographies and techniques for teaching major constitutional issues will be presented and discussed. Topics: equity jurisprudence, dower rights, married womens’ property acts, the Fourteenth Amendment, Supreme Court decisions involving working women, the Nineteenth Amendment, equal and comparable pay, national commissions on women, federal legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in employment and education, divorce and family law, constitutional views on contraception and abortion, the significance of the ERA, treatment of rape victims, sexual harassment on the job.

1 Legal Status (Personality), 1.5 Cases 7/56 and 3/57–7/57, Algera, Court of Justice of the EC, [1957–8] ECR 39 and Case C-327/91, France v Commission , Court of Justice of the EC, [1994] ECR I-3641

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klabbers Jan
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Employment Decision ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Court Of Justice

This note discusses two classic decisions of the CJEU involving the (possible) annulment of administrative measures. In Algera, it concerned an employment decision; in France v Commission, the decision to adopt an informal international agreement. The Court on both occasions sketches some of the requirements, and both cases shed an intriguing light on the ever-problematic relationship between EU law and international law.

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