Of Men and [Mountain]Tops

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Eboni Marshall Turman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Martin Luther King ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This essay asserts freedom as the essence of the prophetic Black Christian tradition that propelled the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strikes, and largely guided the moral compass of the late-twentieth-century Civil Rights Movement. Sexism, however, is a moral paradox that emerges at the interstices of the prophetic Black Church’s institutional espousal of freedom and its consistently conflicting practices of gender discrimination that bind Black women to politics of silence and invisibility. An exploration of the iconic “I AM a Man” placards worn by strikers during Martin Luther King Jr.’s final campaign in Memphis alongside a contemporary icon of the Black Lives Matter movement illumines how black women continue to be challenged by intracommunal invisibility, even as they are consistently the progenitors, mobilizers, sustainers, and intellectual architects of Black movements for social change.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Displaced Workers ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
Finance Capitalism ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter briefly outlines the history of racial discrimination in the rural South and the ways social justice activists continued the struggle for equality in the decades following the civil rights movement. Civil rights legislation failed to adequately address the economic legacies of past discrimintation, which were compounded by the mass displacement of agricultural workers from the land in the mid-twentieth century. Activists’ calls for government intervention to provide employment, income, education, housing, and health care for displaced workers generated strong resistance from regional elites whose preferred solution to the crisis was for displaced workers to leave. The ideological and political struggles that ensued had consequences for all Americans, not just African Americans, and helped shape national responses to labor displacement during the transition from industrial capitalism to finance capitalism in the late twentieth century.

Breaking White Supremacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Dorrien
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Social Gospel ◽  
Christian Leadership ◽  
Civil Rights Movements ◽  
Southern Christian Leadership Conference ◽  
Martin Luther King

Breaking White Supremacy analyzes the twentieth-century heyday of the black social gospel and its influence on the Civil Rights Movement. Asserting that Martin Luther King Jr. did not come from nowhere, it describes major figures who influenced King, offers a detailed analysis of King’s leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and his catalyzing and unifying role in the southern and northern Civil Rights Movements, and interprets the legacy of King and the black social gospel tradition.

scholarly journals Trends in Black-White Church Integration

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Q. Yang ◽  
Starlita Smith
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
White Americans ◽  
White People ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Martin Luther King ◽  
The Church

Historically, the separation of blacks and whites in churches was well known (Gilbreath 1995; Schaefer 2005). Even in 1968, about four years after the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. still said that “eleven o'clock on Sunday is the most segregated hour of the week” (Gilbreath 1995:1). His reference was to the entrenched practice of black and white Americans who worshiped separately in segregated congregations even though as Christians, their faith was supposed to bring them together to love each other as brothers and sisters. King's statement was not just a casual observation. One of the few places that civil rights workers failed to integrate was churches. Black ministers and their allies were at the forefront of the church integration movement, but their stiffest opposition often came from white ministers. The irony is that belonging to the same denomination could not prevent the racial separation of their congregations. In 1964, when a group of black women civil rights activists went to a white church in St. Augustine, Florida to attend a Sunday service, the women were met by a phalanx of white people with their arms linked to keep the activists out (Bryce 2004). King's classic “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” was a response to white ministers who criticized him and the civil rights movement after a major civil rights demonstration (King [2002]).

Major Figures in the Field of Global Studies

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-70
Author(s):  
Paul James
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Global Studies ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Second Shift ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The field of global studies and the study of globalization are intertwined. This chapter traces the emergence of the study of globalization from isolated elaborations in the 1950s to the bourgeoning of the field of global studies across the turn of the century to the present. The chapter seeks to explain the intermediate context for the explosion of attention to the question of globalization. It argues that two key clusters of social change stand out: the changing nature of globalization across the middle to late twentieth century linked to uneven challenges to the assumed dominance of modernization; and the paradigm shift in social enquiry and intellectual practice, particularly in the ways of understanding theory. This second shift is used to explore a further quandary: Why did the new field of global studies tend to defer questions concerning the “why” of globalization to concentrate on issues concerning “how” and “what”?

Conclusion: “The Nation Still in Danger”

Our Country ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Grant R. Brodrecht
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
National Level ◽  
Religious Right ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Conclusion highlights the reality that Reconstruction had not turned out as most northern evangelicals had hoped. The Christian America envisioned by radicals, one which ensured an equitable place for the ex-slaves, had failed to materialize. Though legally in possession of political and civil rights, those rights were tenuous at best under southern governments, and there was little cultural or political will at the national level to ensure much more beyond nominal freedom. For non-radical northern evangelicals, Reconstruction also failed to provide what they had desired—an affective Christian-American oneness. This became clear in 1881 during the melodrama surrounding James Garfield’s assassination, when northern evangelicals looked to his death to forge an affective Union. The Conclusion also links Civil War-era northern evangelicalism to what would become fundamentalism, mid-twentieth-century neo-evangelicalism, the so-called Religious Right of the late-twentieth century.

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