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Author(s):  
Edoardo Manarini

The first part of the book is dedicated to the prosopographic reconstruction of the kinship group, and to the political context and relationships in which the members, both men and women, operated from the second half of the ninth century to the beginning of the twelfth. The first chapter examines the first century of the Hucpoldings in Italy. Fundamentally, it suggests that the criteria for the inclusion into the ranks of Carolingian elite in the Italian kingdom were a relationship with the royal power and the attainment of public offices in different areas of the kingdom, such as in the palace of the capital Pavia, eastern Emilia, the duchy of Spoleto or the marchese of Tuscany.


2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-113
Author(s):  
Joshua Page ◽  
Christine S. Scott-Hayward

In this review of scholarship on bail and pretrial justice in the United States, we analyze how the field of bail operates (and why it operates as it does), focusing on its official and unofficial objectives, core assumptions and values, power dynamics, and technologies. The field, we argue, provides extensive opportunities for generating revenue and containing, controlling, and changing defendants and their families. In pursuit of these objectives, actors consistently generate harms that disproportionately affect low-income people of color and amplify social inequalities. We close with an analysis of political struggles over bail, including current and emerging possibilities for both reformist and radical change. In this, we urge scholars toward sustained engagement with people and organizations in criminalized communities, which pushes scholars to reconsider our preconceptions regarding safety, justice, and the potential for systemic change and opens up new avenues for research and public engagement.


2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorazd Kovačič

The first part of the article analyses the imaginary of the characteristics and form of (civil) society as developed in early modern liberal political philosophy, especially by John Locke and Thomas Paine. It uses different contemporary receptions of the key authors of this tradition, namely the liberal reception of John Keane, which emphasizes the theoretical distinction between civil society and the state, the materialist reception of Ellen Meiksins Wood, which contextualizes political ideas in the political struggles and class interests of the time, and the reception of Foucault, which focuses on the development of biopolitical governmentality. The article finds that the liberal tradition imagined (civil) society as a given and self-regulating sphere that does not require interference from the state. A socio-historical presupposition of this imaginary was the economic sovereignty of individuals, and it overlooked the relations of domination and exploitation. In its second part, the article presents Hannah Arendt’s critical concept of society. She did not conceptualize society as a given totality and in a spatial way, but used it as a qualifier of a specific, impoverished mode of being, in particular to analyse the situation and perspective of minorities.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Scott De Orio

The war on sex offenders was an American campaign against sex crime that began in the 1930s and is still ongoing. In this review essay, I argue that the architects and opponents of that war engaged in political struggles that—especially during the pivotal era of the long 1970s—produced, criminalized, and hierarchized multiple new categories of “good” and “bad” LGBTQ legal subjects. In making this argument, my aim is to bring the field of LGBTQ political and legal history—especially the work of George Chauncey ([1994] 2019) and Margot Canaday (2009)—into closer conversation with scholarship by queer theorists who are not historians—especially Gayle Rubin ([1984] 2011a) and Michael Warner (1999)—about the stigmatization of non-normative gender and sexual practices. While historians have examined the policing of multiple queer behaviors in the early twentieth century, their examinations of the post-1945 period have been concerned primarily with the consolidation of a starker social and legal binary between homo- and heterosexuality. As their narratives get closer to the present, the most stigmatized “bad” queers become more and more tangential. At least in part, this has been because historians have been under the same pressure as LGBTQ activists to distance LGBTQ identity from the stigma of sexual “deviance”—especially sex that violated age-of-consent statutes—in order to promote the political project of LGBTQ rights. Placing bad queers at the center of LGBTQ political and legal history diversifies who counts as a subject of this history and reveals an even bigger carceral state that governed them.


2021 ◽  
pp. 297-313
Author(s):  
Rachel Rinaldo

Many Muslim societies have long histories of mystical, devotional, and esoteric traditions such as Sufism, which are today commonly referred to as “spiritual” traditions. Yet spirituality within Islamic traditions has an uncertain and marginalized status in many contemporary Muslim societies as a result of local, national, and global political struggles over Islam. In Indonesia, where Sufism has had a major historical influence for much of the twentieth century, there has been a strong trend toward scripturalist Islamic modernism. Yet along with Indonesia’s Islamic revival since the 1990s has come a revival of Sufism, particularly among the urban upper middle class. This chapter explores the Sufist revival as a manifestation of spirituality in Indonesia, examining the recent history of Sufism and the evolving relationship between Sufism and other ways of being Muslim, as well as surveying recent scholarship on the social and political contours of the embrace of Sufism by educated urbanites.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-137
Author(s):  
Claire Ducournau

FR. Cet article propose une analyse transversale de portraits de boxeurs noirs publiés dans des magazines africains de langue française entre 1953 et 1975. En suivant les représentations discursives et visuelles données de ce type de sportif dans deux périodiques illustrés diffusés en Afrique, Bingo (1953-1991) et La Vie africaine (1959-1965), comparées à celles qu’en a proposées au même moment Paris Match, il cherche à montrer, dans une perspective foucaldienne, comment ces dernières sont traversées par des dynamiques de pouvoir plus générales articulant des rapports sociaux de sexe, de race et de classe dans un contexte d’effritement de l’empire colonial français. Examinant les formes et la plasticité des textes et des images mettant en scène des boxeurs américains et africains d’un magazine à l’autre, l’article défend l’hypothèse d’une spécificité et d’une intensité du portrait de boxeur dans ce segment de la presse autour de 1960, avec ses topoï et ses référentiels. Après avoir décrit cet espace de publication périodique diversifié et concurrentiel, il propose une typologie des articles sur la boxe dans lesquels on retrouve, en dépit de leur variété et de leur mélange, des traits réguliers propres au portrait, forme de métagenre situé entre et au-delà des genres journalistiques usuels. La mise en scène médiatique des biographies de ces athlètes subalternisés, débordant la rubrique sportive, permet de donner un sens à des luttes tant pugilistiques que sociopolitiques, dans un contexte d’autonomisation du champ sportif français. Quoiqu’apparaissant comme des symboles de résistance, leurs corps y sont traversés par des dominations de race (sous la plume de bien des journalistes français, le Noir reste l’autre), de genre (quoique ne validant pas toutes les normes de masculinité hégémonique, ces portraits ne bousculent pas l’ordre genré), et de classe (les parcours de ces sportifs issus de milieux sociaux plutôt favorisés n’excluent pas des mécanismes (néo)coloniaux donnent la part belle à leurs entourages blancs). *** EN. This article offers a cross-sectional analysis of portraits of black boxers in African magazines written in French and published between 1953 and 1975. The analysis is based on the study of the discursive and visual representations of the figure of the athlete in two illustrated periodicals distributed in Africa, Bingo (1953-1991) and La Vie africaine (1959-1965). By comparing them with those offered by French magazine Paris Match on the same period of time, the article seeks to demonstrate, from a Foucauldian perspective, how the latter are imbued by more generic power dynamics articulating social relations of gender, race and class, in the context of a crumbling French colonial empire. Examining the forms and the plasticity of texts and images featuring American and African boxers in each magazine, this research argues that portraits of boxers in this segment of the press in the 1960’s formed a specific genre, with its own characteristics, levels of intensity, specific topoi and references. After describing the diverse and competitive market of periodical publishing, we suggest a typology of articles on boxing, which identifies, despite their variety, common strokes specific to the portrait genre. Thus, it constitutes a form of metagenre situated between and beyond the standard journalistic genres. The staging in the media of the lives of these objectified athletes goes beyond the sports section, and heightens both pugilistic and socio-political struggles in the context of the growing importance of the French sports scene internationally. Though appearing as symbols of resistance, their bodies bear the marks of subjection through race (under the pen of many French journalists, the Black man remains “the other”), gender (although not validating all the norms of hegemonic masculinity, these portraits do not challenge the gender order), and class (the fact that most athletes are from well-off families does not exclude the (neo)colonial mechanism which consists in giving more attention than required to their white entourage). *** PT. Este artigo oferece uma análise transversal de retratos de boxeadores negros publicados em revistas africanas de língua francesa entre 1953 e 1975. Seguindo as representações discursivas e visuais desse tipo de atleta em dois periódicos ilustrados distribuídos na África, Bingo (1953-1991) ) e La Vie africaine (1959-1965), em comparação com as propostas ao mesmo tempo por Paris Match, o trabalho procura mostrar, a partir de uma perspectiva foucaultiana, como estas últimas são atravessadas por dinâmicas de poder mais gerais que articulam as relações gênero, raça e classe em um contexto de desmoronamento do império colonial francês. Examinando as formas e a plasticidade de textos e imagens de boxeadores estadunidenses e africanos de uma revista para outra, o artigo defende a hipótese de uma especificidade e de uma intensidade do retrato de um boxeador neste segmento da imprensa por volta de 1960, com seus topoï e suas referências. Depois de ter descrito este espaço diversificado e competitivo de publicação de periódicos, propõe uma tipologia de artigos sobre boxe em que encontramos, apesar da sua variedade e da sua mistura, traços regulares próprios do retrato, uma forma de metagênero situada entre e para além de gêneros jornalísticos habituais. A encenação midiática das biografias desses atletas subalternos, extrapolando a seção de esportes, permite dar sentido às lutas pugilísticas e sociopolíticas, em um contexto de empoderamento do campo esportivo francês. Embora apareçam como símbolos de resistência, seus corpos são atravessados pela dominação racial (para muitos jornalistas franceses, o negro continua sendo o outro), gênero (embora não validem todas as normas da masculinidade hegemônica, esses retratos não perturbam a ordem de gênero), e de classe (os percursos desses atletas de origens sociais bastante privilegiadas não excluem os mecanismos (neo) coloniais que dão lugar de destaque às suas comitivas brancas). ***


Author(s):  
Selin Çağatay ◽  
Mia Liinason ◽  
Olga Sasunkevich

AbstractThis chapter lays out the theoretical foundation of the book. It conceptualizes resistance as a space in-between small-scale mundane practices with a low level of collective organizing and large-scale protest activities which often exemplify resistance in social movement studies. In line with feminist and queer conceptualization of resistance, the authors suggest to examine multi-scalarity of resistant practices. The chapter attends to three scales of feminist and LGBTI+  activism in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia. The first scale analyzes activism in relation to the civil society-state-market triad. The second scale problematizes the notion of solidarity in relations between feminist and LGBTI+  activists from different geopolitical regions and countries as well as between small- and large-scale activist organizations and groups. Finally, the third scale focuses on individual resistant practices and the role of individual bodies in emergence of collective political struggles.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
Francisca Marli Rodrigues de Andrade ◽  
Lucas do Couto Neves

Closing rural schools is a scene that has become usual in many Brazilian states, a fact that forces rural communities to quit life in the country as the place for both living and existence reproduction. Rural schools in Northwestern Rio de Janeiro State take the same path of other Brazilian realities; in other words, they are the victims of activity canceling, which is an injustice supported by economic arguments. However, the implementation of the course named Interdisciplinary Major Degree in Rural Education, also known as LEdoC, at Fluminense Federal University (UFF), in Santo Antônio de Pádua City, RJ, opened room for a whole series of popular movements to cope with the rural exodus reality. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to describe the path opened between 2015 and 2019 by UFF’s LEdoC and Santo Antônio de Pádua’s community for the Alternation Pedagogy in order to defend rural schools, based on the research-action methodology. The main results have highlighted the importance of the research-action methodology to reinforce the local demands and the process of reporting the alienation of rural populations from their right to education. Moreover, they have pointed towards the fact that popular social movements reinforce rural teachers’ formation by repairing public policies to question oppression situations in and outside education institutions.


Author(s):  
Juan Eduardo Bonnin ◽  
Virginia Unamuno

Abstract In this article, we discuss the concept of translanguaging by showing how theoretically unhelpful it is to account for language dynamics among Indigenous speakers leading revitalization projects in the Southern Cone of Latin America. We show how clear-cut distinctions between Spanish and Indigenous languages are crucial for minority speakers’ socio-political struggles against Spanish cultural, political, and social hegemony. We open our discussion by reviewing the different definitions of translanguaging in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. We examine how the term sometimes overlaps with other previously established concepts such as code-switching and code-mixing and show the importance of inscribing any concepts in the historical and socio-political context in which they are used. We illustrate how Indigenous peoples’ understanding of multilingualism challenges linguists’ discourse on translanguaging. Our analysis aims at prompting scholars to reflect on the ideologies and practices we describe here to understand and attend more responsibly to Indigenous peoples’ political concerns.


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