Wittgenstein and Merleau-Ponty on the Pre-Reflective Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-345
Author(s):  
Patrick Bourgeois ◽  
Robert Greenleaf Brice ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Points Of View

The philosophies of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Maurice Merleau-Ponty may seem at first glance to be mutually exclusive. On further examination, however, they can be seen to share some fundamental points of view. For instance, they both share a common rejection of a modern mechanistic explanation of nature, and both endorse what we might call a pre-linguistic (pre-ratiocinative) level of meaning. In this paper, we show that these thinkers not only share some fundamental philosophical views, but also had, for many years, contemplated what cognitive scientists today call “embodied cognition.”

Sobre el concepto de función en biología. Historia y problemas recientes

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés L. Jaume
Keyword(s):  
Biological Function ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Functional Explanation ◽  
Function Concept ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Systemic Theory ◽  
Points Of View

RESUMENEl presente artículo analiza las diferentes teorías que sobre el concepto de función se han vertido en los últimos cuarenta años y sus problemas. Respecto de los dos grandes enfoques (histórico-etiológico y sistémico) se sostiene que el primero, pese a su hegemonía histórica, presenta considerables dificultades y que la reflexión actual se centra cada vez más en la perspectiva sistémica. Esta última puede enfrentarse mejor a los diversos problemas que genera el concepto de función biológica y es siempre preferible.PALABRAS CLAVEFUNCIÓN BIOLÓGICA, FUNCIÓN SISTéMICA, EXPLICACIÓN FUNCIONAL, EXPLICACIÓN BASADA EN MECANISMOS, TELEOLOGíAABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the different theories on biological function and the problems they brought up over the last forty years. Concerning the two most important points of view on functions (aetiological theory and systemic theory) I hold that the aetiological theory, despite its historical hegemony, presents substantial difficulties and that the present philosophical thinking is centred on systemic theories. Systemic theories are capable of solving the various problems generated by the biological function concept which is preferable.KEYWORDSBIOLOGICAL FUNCTION, SySTEMIC FUNCTION, FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION, MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION TELEOLOGY

scholarly journals Representational unification in cognitive science: Is embodied cognition a unifying perspective?

Synthese ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Miłkowski ◽  
Przemysław Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Grand Unification ◽  
Research Traditions

Abstract In this paper, we defend a novel, multidimensional account of representational unification, which we distinguish from integration. The dimensions of unity are simplicity, generality and scope, non-monstrosity, and systematization. In our account, unification is a graded property. The account is used to investigate the issue of how research traditions contribute to representational unification, focusing on embodied cognition in cognitive science. Embodied cognition contributes to unification even if it fails to offer a grand unification of cognitive science. The study of this failure shows that unification, contrary to what defenders of mechanistic explanation claim, is an important mechanistic virtue of research traditions.

High Resolution Specimen Area Imaged Under Negligible Field Aberrations

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 540-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yanaka ◽  
K. Shirota
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Image Space ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Leakage Flux ◽  
Specimen Area ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Aberration Theory

It is significant to note field aberrations (chromatic field aberration, coma, astigmatism and blurring due to curvature of field, defined by Glaser's aberration theory relative to the Blenden Freien System) of the objective lens in connection with the following three points of view; field aberrations increase as the resolution of the axial point improves by increasing the lens excitation (k2) and decreasing the half width value (d) of the axial lens field distribution; when one or all of the imaging lenses have axial imperfections such as beam deflection in image space by the asymmetrical magnetic leakage flux, the apparent axial point has field aberrations which prevent the theoretical resolution limit from being obtained.

Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
L.R. Wallenberg ◽  
J.-O. Bovin ◽  
G. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Gold Clusters ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

„Embodied Cognition”

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sian L. Beilock ◽  
Tanja Hohmann
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition

Zusammenfassung. Im Gegensatz zu traditionellen Ansätzen, in denen das Gehirn als abstrakter Informationsprozessor gesehen wurde, gehen aktuelle Theorien davon aus, dass unsere Repräsentationen von Objekten und Ereignissen in einem engen Zusammenhang mit den damit verbundenen Handlungsmöglichkeiten stehen (sog. „embodied cognition”). Unsere Kognitionen, d. h. wie wir Objekte oder auch Ereignisse in der Umwelt repräsentieren, hängen demnach von den eigenen Handlungserfahrungen ab. Das Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels besteht darin, aktuelle Ergebnisse sowohl aus der verhaltens- als auch der neurowissenschaftlichen Forschung zu dokumentieren. Diese zeigen, dass sensomotorische Erfahrungen die Kognitionen beeinflussen. Bewegungserfahrung spielt deshalb eine zentrale Rolle innerhalb des „embodied cognition Ansatzes”. Aus diesem Grund erscheint es sinnvoll, dass Forscher aus den Bereichen der Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften sowie der Sportpsychologie und Motorikforschung zusammenarbeiten, um die Theorien zu „embodied cognition” weiter voran zu bringen.

Exploring the Boundaries of the Number–Temporal Order Association

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Ganor-Stern
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Negative Number ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Negative Numbers ◽  
The Past

Past research has shown that numbers are associated with order in time such that performance in a numerical comparison task is enhanced when number pairs appear in ascending order, when the larger number follows the smaller one. This was found in the past for the integers 1–9 ( Ben-Meir, Ganor-Stern, & Tzelgov, 2013 ; Müller & Schwarz, 2008 ). In the present study we explored whether the advantage for processing numbers in ascending order exists also for fractions and negative numbers. The results demonstrate this advantage for fraction pairs and for integer-fraction pairs. However, the opposite advantage for descending order was found for negative numbers and for positive-negative number pairs. These findings are interpreted in the context of embodied cognition approaches and current theories on the mental representation of fractions and negative numbers.

Moving to Solution

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Werner ◽  
M. Raab
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Arm Swing ◽  
String Problem ◽  
Problem Solving Process ◽  
Problem Solving Task ◽  
Bodily Movements

Embodied cognition theories suggest a link between bodily movements and cognitive functions. Given such a link, it is assumed that movement influences the two main stages of problem solving: creating a problem space and creating solutions. This study explores how specific the link between bodily movements and the problem-solving process is. Seventy-two participants were tested with variations of the two-string problem (Experiment 1) and the water-jar problem (Experiment 2), allowing for two possible solutions. In Experiment 1 participants were primed with arm-swing movements (swing group) and step movements on a chair (step group). In Experiment 2 participants sat in front of three jars with glass marbles and had to sort these marbles from the outer jars to the middle one (plus group) or vice versa (minus group). Results showed more swing-like solutions in the swing group and more step-like solutions in the step group, and more addition solutions in the plus group and more subtraction solutions in the minus group. This specificity of the connection between movement and problem-solving task will allow further experiments to investigate how bodily movements influence the stages of problem solving.

Embodied Cognition Gropes for Coherence

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document