scholarly journals A economia geográfica de Paul Krugman e suas consequências para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional: uma avaliação crítica/ PauL Krugman’s Geographical economics and its implications for regional development theor: a critical assessment

2017 ◽  
pp. 5-35
Author(s):  
Ron Martin, Peter Sunley

RESUMOOs economistas, ao que parece, estão descobrindo a geografia. Ao longo da última década, surgiram uma "nova teoria do comércio" e uma "nova economia da vantagem concorrencial" que, entre outras coisas, atribuem uma importância fundamental ao papel que a geografia interna de uma nação pode desempenhar na determinação do desempenho comercial das indústrias dessa nação. O trabalho de Paul Krugman, em particular, tem sido muito influente na promoção desta visão. De acordo com Krugman, num mundo de concorrência imperfeita, o comércio internacional é impulsionado tanto pelos rendimentos crescentes e pelas economias externas, como pela vantagem comparativa. Além disso, essas economias externas são mais propensas a serem realizadas na escala local e regional do que no nível nacional ou internacional. Para entender o comércio, portanto, Krugman argumenta que é necessário entender os processos que conduzem à concentração de produção local e regional. Para este fim, ele se baseia em uma variedade de ideias geográficas, que vão desde as economias de aglomeração Marshallianas, passando pela teoria tradicional da localização, até as noções de causalidade cumulativa e especialização regional. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é fornecer uma avaliação crítica da "economia geográfica" de Krugman e suas implicações para a geografia econômica contemporânea. Seu trabalho levanta algumas questões importantes para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional em geral e para a nova geografia industrial em particular. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, sua teoria também possui limitações significativas. Argumentamos que, embora uma troca de ideias entre sua teoria e o trabalho recente na geografia industrial sejam mutuamente benéficas, ambas as abordagens são limitadas pelo tratamento que dão às externalidades tecnológicas e pelo legado da economia neoclássica ortodoxa.ABSTRACT Economists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a "new trade theory" and "new economics of competitive advantage" have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional concentration of production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional location theory, to notions of cumulative causation and regional specialization. Our purpose in this paper is to provide a critical assessment of Krugman's "geographical economics" and its implications for contemporary economic geography. His work raises some significant issues for regional development theory in general and the new industrial geography in particular. But at the same time his theory also has significant limitations. We argue that while an exchange of ideas between his theory and recent work in industrial geography would be mutually beneficial, both approaches are limited by their treatment of technological externalities and the legacy of orthodox neoclassical economics. KEY WORDS: Krugman, trade, external economies, regional industrial concentration, regional industrial policy.  

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Mudrajad Kuncoro

This paper attempts to examine which theory is best in explaining the geographic concentration in Java, an island in which most of the Indonesia’s large and medium manufacturing industries have located overwhelmingly. Using the regional specialization index as a measure of geographic concentration of manufacturing industry and pooling data over the period 1991-J996, our econometric analysis integrates the perspectives of industry, region (space), and time. The most striking result is that most of the NCT (Neo-Classical Theory) hypotheses can be rejected. Moreover, most of the findings support the NTT (New Trade Theory) and NEG (New Economic Geography). Our findings suggest that manufacturing firms in Java seek to locate in more populous and densely populated areas to enjoy both localization economies and urbanization economies, as shown by the significance of scale economies and income per capita. The interplay of agglomeration economies is intensified by the imperfect competition of Java's market structure. This paper gives empirical evidence with respect to path dependency hypotheses. This finding supports the NEG's belief that history matters: older firms tend to enhance regional specialization. In addition, the results, as shown by statistical significance of its regional dummy, suggest that most of the specialized industries in Java have better access to infrastructure.


Author(s):  
Yasuo Miyakawa

The author is Head Professor of the Division of Regional Science, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies at Kyushu University, Japan. In 1965, he completed a degree at the Faculty of Law at Tohoku University in Sendai, winning the Academy of Law award. He received his doctorate in geography from Tohoku University in 1977, and his thesis, The Location Theory of Industry, and another volume, The Modern History of Toyota City, were published (in Japanese) that year. He worked with Professor Jean Gottmann of the School of Geography, Oxford University, from 1979, researching industrial geography, metropolises, and regional planning, and collaborating with him on several articles. Professor Miyakawa has lectured and taught at Oxford University and other universities. He was also external examiner for an doctoral thesis at the Faculty of Economics, Gothenburg University. He has been a member of the International Geographers Union Commission on the International Division of Labor and Regional Development (1984-1988), and the Commission on the Organizationof Industrial Space (1989 to the present), as well as academic associations in Japan. He is now an auditor of the Human Geographers Association, and councillor of the Economic Geographers Associationand the Japanese Geographers Association in Japan. He has worked closely with the Government of Japan, participating in planning projects with the Ministry of Economy, International Trade and Industry, and Education, Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Since 1980, he has served as a consultant to the United Nations Center of Regional Development, UNIDO, UNU, OECD and other international organizations. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Paul Burnett

In the early 1960s, the agricultural economist Theodore W. Schultz issued a critical assessment of the prevailing tenets of development economics in Transforming Traditional Agriculture. Aimed at educated bureaucrats rather than academic economists, he proposed no new development theories. Instead, he drew inferences from statistics in case studies to argue that no special economic theory was required in the development space. He packaged these studies as statistical parables to provoke skepticism of development theory among those involved in direct technical assistance in developing countries. Drawing partly on their long experience with US and Soviet agricultural modernization, Schultz and members of his agricultural economics group at the University of Chicago used suggestive empirical evidence to stress the importance of investment in human capital in economic growth. By appealing to government administrators in both the United States and developing countries, Schultz helped shift development policies toward state-supported technical assistance, public education, and market-oriented policies for the agricultural sectors in the global South.


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