On Some Aspects of Studying New Social Reality: Current Trends, Threats and Challenges

The article deals with the features of new social reality in line with modern determination of societality and technology. The authors consider the basic theoretical approaches to realizing and studying this sophisticated phenomenon. It is noted that there are the conceptual lacunas, which require making out a more comprehensive system of theoretical knowledge about modern social reality from science. From the authors’ view, the article considers the most comprehensive prospect of modern thinking on this issue. Special attention is paid to the specificity of the phenomenon itself, its key directions and determinants of development as well as the threats and challenges which cover in-depth societal, technological and information segments of the society development. Consideration has been given to the key technological externalities of modern social reality within which issues of safety in the newest high technology make actual, workplaces and competences of employees transform, ethical issues, information threats, mind control, etc. are analyzed. This research area in perspective is noted to contain a strong research potential in both theory and practice.

DP 0252 - Brazilian Nuclear-Powered Submarine: national defense and technological externalities

In order to prepare and employ naval power and contribute to national defense, the Brazilian Navy, through its programs and projects, seeks to develop means of implementation of naval war operations and actions suitable for its main tasks – sea denial and control, and power projection. A significant portion of these efforts is the Submarine Development Program (PROSUB), which the ultimate purpose is to develop the first Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine. This paper aims to emphasize the importance of PROSUB (especially regarding the nuclear submarine) to the accomplishment of the Brazilian Navy constitutional mission and to the country’s development and security, notably stressing its positive externalities (in technological, human resources and social terms) and the importance of its continuity and enhancement.

Adaptive Strategies of External Environmental Effects in Digital Entrepreneurship in the Strategic Management Perspective

The rapid development of information technology and digitalization has formed a specification in the economic field, in the form of a digital creative economy. This economic cluster generally refers to entrepreneurship developed through the use of the internet and digital advancements to create business opportunities with excellence in the value of services and products. In strategic management, the development of technology that is widely adopted in company policy in improving service and product quality is an external element. In addition to having an extraordinary impact on consumption patterns, distribution and production, information technology is now able to become a fundamental instrument as the essence of creating value for products and services. This leads to a paradigm shift in the strategic management perspective, from the perception of technological externalities to internalities in value creation and policy making. This study seeks to identify shifts in the paradigm of the external environment of technology in contemporary business that develops ICT and the internet as the basis for digitalization and virtualization of exchanges of products, services and transactions between business actors. The results show that unlike conventional companies that respond to technological advances need technological advancements as an added value of their products and services, digital entrepreneurship uses technological advancements as a core part of product development and value creation. This study identifies important elements regarding adaptive strategies of external environmental effects in digital entrepreneurship. The results show that the shift in technological externalities to integrated digital entrepreneurship is capable of digitizing the creation of values ​​and opportunities and operating digital-based businesses.

A economia geográfica de Paul Krugman e suas consequências para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional: uma avaliação crítica/ PauL Krugman’s Geographical economics and its implications for regional development theor: a critical assessment

RESUMOOs economistas, ao que parece, estão descobrindo a geografia. Ao longo da última década, surgiram uma "nova teoria do comércio" e uma "nova economia da vantagem concorrencial" que, entre outras coisas, atribuem uma importância fundamental ao papel que a geografia interna de uma nação pode desempenhar na determinação do desempenho comercial das indústrias dessa nação. O trabalho de Paul Krugman, em particular, tem sido muito influente na promoção desta visão. De acordo com Krugman, num mundo de concorrência imperfeita, o comércio internacional é impulsionado tanto pelos rendimentos crescentes e pelas economias externas, como pela vantagem comparativa. Além disso, essas economias externas são mais propensas a serem realizadas na escala local e regional do que no nível nacional ou internacional. Para entender o comércio, portanto, Krugman argumenta que é necessário entender os processos que conduzem à concentração de produção local e regional. Para este fim, ele se baseia em uma variedade de ideias geográficas, que vão desde as economias de aglomeração Marshallianas, passando pela teoria tradicional da localização, até as noções de causalidade cumulativa e especialização regional. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é fornecer uma avaliação crítica da "economia geográfica" de Krugman e suas implicações para a geografia econômica contemporânea. Seu trabalho levanta algumas questões importantes para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional em geral e para a nova geografia industrial em particular. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, sua teoria também possui limitações significativas. Argumentamos que, embora uma troca de ideias entre sua teoria e o trabalho recente na geografia industrial sejam mutuamente benéficas, ambas as abordagens são limitadas pelo tratamento que dão às externalidades tecnológicas e pelo legado da economia neoclássica ortodoxa.ABSTRACT Economists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a "new trade theory" and "new economics of competitive advantage" have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional concentration of production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional location theory, to notions of cumulative causation and regional specialization. Our purpose in this paper is to provide a critical assessment of Krugman's "geographical economics" and its implications for contemporary economic geography. His work raises some significant issues for regional development theory in general and the new industrial geography in particular. But at the same time his theory also has significant limitations. We argue that while an exchange of ideas between his theory and recent work in industrial geography would be mutually beneficial, both approaches are limited by their treatment of technological externalities and the legacy of orthodox neoclassical economics. KEY WORDS: Krugman, trade, external economies, regional industrial concentration, regional industrial policy.

Note historique sur les effets externes

This historical note describes from Sidgwick on the evolution of the concepts related to the interdependencies of economic agents outside markets. In a first section, we show how the concept of externality introduced by some precursors had later to reemerge from the confuse discussion of "empty boxes". The second sector clarifies the distinction between two avenues of research, the first one associated with pecuniary externalities, the other one associated with technological externalities. Coase's criticisms of Pigouvian policy are developed in section 3. In a last section we gather the main results obtained recently by economic theory in this field. In particular we discuss the difficulties of the creation of artificial markets, the second best approaches often needed in a Pigouvian policy, results of game theory in models with externalities, planning with externalities.