Some Implications of Imperfect Competition For Recent Trade Theory

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-247
Author(s):  
Koji Shimomura
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Mudrajad Kuncoro

This paper attempts to examine which theory is best in explaining the geographic concentration in Java, an island in which most of the Indonesia’s large and medium manufacturing industries have located overwhelmingly. Using the regional specialization index as a measure of geographic concentration of manufacturing industry and pooling data over the period 1991-J996, our econometric analysis integrates the perspectives of industry, region (space), and time. The most striking result is that most of the NCT (Neo-Classical Theory) hypotheses can be rejected. Moreover, most of the findings support the NTT (New Trade Theory) and NEG (New Economic Geography). Our findings suggest that manufacturing firms in Java seek to locate in more populous and densely populated areas to enjoy both localization economies and urbanization economies, as shown by the significance of scale economies and income per capita. The interplay of agglomeration economies is intensified by the imperfect competition of Java's market structure. This paper gives empirical evidence with respect to path dependency hypotheses. This finding supports the NEG's belief that history matters: older firms tend to enhance regional specialization. In addition, the results, as shown by statistical significance of its regional dummy, suggest that most of the specialized industries in Java have better access to infrastructure.


1990 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-720
Author(s):  
Georges De Ménil ◽  
Robert J. Gordon ◽  
Stanley G. Harris

Author(s):  
Andrzej Cieślik

Neoclassical economics, a dominant framework until the 1970s and 1980s, treated activities of the multinational firms as a part of portfolio theories of international capital flows. The analysis of various kinds of imperfect competition or firm heterogeneity was impossible until the elements of the theory of industrial organization were introduced into the international trade theory. This modification allowed direct inclusion of two basic motivations for establishing multinational firms, horizontal and vertical ones, in the analysis. In this chapter, we present the basic theoretical models that incorporate those two trends (Helpman-Krugman-Markusen models) as well as the imperfect attempts at their integration (the knowledge-capital model) and the most important examples of empirical studies aimed at the verification of their theoretical claims.


2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1268-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B Bernard ◽  
Jonathan Eaton ◽  
J. Bradford Jensen ◽  
Samuel Kortum

We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. Fitting the model to bilateral trade among the United States and 46 major trade partners, we examine the impact of globalization and dollar appreciation on productivity, plant entry and exit, and labor turnover in U.S. manufacturing.


1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R Krugman

If there were an Economist's Creed, it would surely contain the affirmations “I understand the Principle of Comparative Advantage” and “I advocate Free Trade.” Yet the case for free trade is currently more in doubt than at any time since the 1817 publication of Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy, and this is due to changes that have recently taken place in the theory of international trade. While new developments in international trade theory may not yet be familiar to the profession at large, they have been substantial and radical. In the last ten years the traditional constant returns, perfect competition models of international trade have been supplemented and to some extent supplanted by a new breed of models that emphasizes increasing returns and imperfect competition. These new models call into doubt the extent to which actual trade can be explained by comparative advantage; they also open the possibility that government intervention in trade via import restrictions, export subsidies, and so on may under some circumstances be in the national interest after all. To preview this paper's conclusion: free trade is not passé, but it is an idea that has irretrievably lost its innocence. Its status has shifted from optimum to reasonable rule of thumb. There is still a case for free trade as a good policy, and as a useful target in the practical world of politics, but it can never again be asserted as the policy that economic theory tells us is always right.


2017 ◽  
pp. 5-35
Author(s):  
Ron Martin, Peter Sunley

RESUMOOs economistas, ao que parece, estão descobrindo a geografia. Ao longo da última década, surgiram uma "nova teoria do comércio" e uma "nova economia da vantagem concorrencial" que, entre outras coisas, atribuem uma importância fundamental ao papel que a geografia interna de uma nação pode desempenhar na determinação do desempenho comercial das indústrias dessa nação. O trabalho de Paul Krugman, em particular, tem sido muito influente na promoção desta visão. De acordo com Krugman, num mundo de concorrência imperfeita, o comércio internacional é impulsionado tanto pelos rendimentos crescentes e pelas economias externas, como pela vantagem comparativa. Além disso, essas economias externas são mais propensas a serem realizadas na escala local e regional do que no nível nacional ou internacional. Para entender o comércio, portanto, Krugman argumenta que é necessário entender os processos que conduzem à concentração de produção local e regional. Para este fim, ele se baseia em uma variedade de ideias geográficas, que vão desde as economias de aglomeração Marshallianas, passando pela teoria tradicional da localização, até as noções de causalidade cumulativa e especialização regional. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é fornecer uma avaliação crítica da "economia geográfica" de Krugman e suas implicações para a geografia econômica contemporânea. Seu trabalho levanta algumas questões importantes para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional em geral e para a nova geografia industrial em particular. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, sua teoria também possui limitações significativas. Argumentamos que, embora uma troca de ideias entre sua teoria e o trabalho recente na geografia industrial sejam mutuamente benéficas, ambas as abordagens são limitadas pelo tratamento que dão às externalidades tecnológicas e pelo legado da economia neoclássica ortodoxa.ABSTRACT Economists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a "new trade theory" and "new economics of competitive advantage" have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional concentration of production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional location theory, to notions of cumulative causation and regional specialization. Our purpose in this paper is to provide a critical assessment of Krugman's "geographical economics" and its implications for contemporary economic geography. His work raises some significant issues for regional development theory in general and the new industrial geography in particular. But at the same time his theory also has significant limitations. We argue that while an exchange of ideas between his theory and recent work in industrial geography would be mutually beneficial, both approaches are limited by their treatment of technological externalities and the legacy of orthodox neoclassical economics. KEY WORDS: Krugman, trade, external economies, regional industrial concentration, regional industrial policy.  


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