scholarly journals Fish mislabelling in France: substitution rates and retail types

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Bénard-Capelle ◽  
Victoire Guillonneau ◽  
Claire Nouvian ◽  
Nicolas Fournier ◽  
Karine Le Loët ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Substitution ◽  
Scientific Expertise

The development of citizen science has brought together scientific expertise and volunteer involvement to answer both scientific and societal questions. In this study, a consortium of citizens, journalist, scientists and non governmental organisations reports the first measure of the market-wide rate of fish mislabelling in France.We collected in fishmonger shops, supermarkets and restaurants and sequenced 390 samples of fish either in fillets or prepared meals, which is the largest dataset assembled to date in an European country.The overall substitution rate is one of the lowest observed for comparable surveys with large sampling in Europe. Remarkably, we detected no case of species mislabelling among the frozen fillets or in industrially prepared meals. We also investigated most of the mislabelling cases detected directly from the sellers. A number of them admitted that the substitution took place at the end of the supply chain.The rate of mislabelling does not differ between species (3.7 %, ci 2.2-6.4%), except for bluefin tuna. Despite a very small sample size (n=6), this species stands in sharp contrast with the low substitution rate observed for the other species (rate between 36 and 99%). This study shows that even in countries where species substitution rate is low, citizen science can enhance the management of natural resources and provide important insights for regulation policies.

scholarly journals Fish mislabelling in France: substitution rates and retail types

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Bénard-Capelle ◽  
Victoire Guillonneau ◽  
Claire Nouvian ◽  
Nicolas Fournier ◽  
Karine Le Loët ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Substitution ◽  
Scientific Expertise

The development of citizen science has brought together scientific expertise and volunteer involvement to answer both scientific and societal questions. In this study, a consortium of citizens, journalist, scientists and non governmental organisations reports the first measure of the market-wide rate of fish mislabelling in France.We collected in fishmonger shops, supermarkets and restaurants and sequenced 390 samples of fish either in fillets or prepared meals, which is the largest dataset assembled to date in an European country.The overall substitution rate is one of the lowest observed for comparable surveys with large sampling in Europe. Remarkably, we detected no case of species mislabelling among the frozen fillets or in industrially prepared meals. We also investigated most of the mislabelling cases detected directly from the sellers. A number of them admitted that the substitution took place at the end of the supply chain.The rate of mislabelling does not differ between species (3.7 %, ci 2.2-6.4%), except for bluefin tuna. Despite a very small sample size (n=6), this species stands in sharp contrast with the low substitution rate observed for the other species (rate between 36 and 99%). This study shows that even in countries where species substitution rate is low, citizen science can enhance the management of natural resources and provide important insights for regulation policies.

scholarly journals Fish mislabelling in France: substitution rates and retail types

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Bénard-Capelle ◽  
Victoire Guillonneau ◽  
Claire Nouvian ◽  
Nicolas Fournier ◽  
Karine Le Loët ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Substitution ◽  
Scientific Expertise

The development of citizen science has brought together scientific expertise and volunteer involvement to answer both scientific and societal questions. In this study, a consortium of citizens, journalist, scientists and non governmental organisations reports the first measure of the market-wide rate of fish mislabelling in France.We collected in fishmonger shops, supermarkets and restaurants and sequenced 390 samples of fish either in fillets or prepared meals, which is the largest dataset assembled to date in an European country.The overall substitution rate is one of the lowest observed for comparable surveys with large sampling in Europe. Remarkably, we detected no case of species mislabelling among the frozen fillets or in industrially prepared meals. We also investigated most of the mislabelling cases detected directly from the sellers. A number of them admitted that the substitution took place at the end of the supply chain.The rate of mislabelling does not differ between species (3.7 %, ci 2.2-6.4%), except for bluefin tuna. Despite a very small sample size (n=6), this species stands in sharp contrast with the low substitution rate observed for the other species (rate between 36 and 99%). This study shows that even in countries where species substitution rate is low, citizen science can enhance the management of natural resources and provide important insights for regulation policies.

scholarly journals Retrospective study of the effectiveness of four different treatments of equine cheek teeth periodontal disease

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Jackson ◽  
Lukas M. Weber ◽  
Marc Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Treatment Methods

Reasons for performing the study. Equine cheek teeth periodontal disease is a common, often painful dental condition that may lead to premature tooth loss if left untreated. All cases of periodontal disease in this study were associated with diastemata, with the majority of cases being secondary or senile diastemata. At present limited objective information is available comparing different treatment methods for the condition to assist clinicians in making evidence-based treatment decisions. Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of four commonly used treatments for equine periodontal disease (additional to routine dental treatment and equilibration) to assess their merit in reducing periodontal pocket depth. Study design. Retrospective case series. Methods. Four commonly used equine periodontal treatments were compared: Removing feed material and lavaging the periodontal pocket with dilute chlorhexidine and rinsing the mouth with chlorhexidine based mouthwash (‘Hexarinse’), ‘clean and antiseptic lavage’ (CL); CL plus the addition of metronidazole antibiotics into the periodontal pockets (M); M plus the addition of a polyvinyl siloxane temporary filling over the diastema (PVS); and diastema widening to open the diastema and increase the interdental space between adjacent teeth, then PVS (DW). Periodontal pocket depth measurements were compared before and after treatment at treatment intervals between two and six months. Results. Treatment groups CL, M and PVS showed statistically significant reductions in pocket depth following treatment. Mean pocket depth reduction was greatest in the DW group (and this was the only group with no cases involving an increase in pocket depth), but this was based on a small sample size and was not statistically significant. Additional analysis to compare effectiveness revealed a strong confounding effect of initial pocket depth. After taking this into account, there was some evidence that DW was associated with smaller improvements than the other treatments, however this result was also based on a small sample size, and influenced by a small number of cases with particularly large improvements. Among the other treatments, no statistically significant differences in effectiveness were found. Conclusion. This study has shown that treatment methods CL, M and PVS are associated with statistically significant reductions in pocket depth. Due to the confounding effect of initial pocket depth, no clear differences in effectiveness were found between treatment methods.

scholarly journals Retrospective study of the effectiveness of four different treatments of equine cheek teeth periodontal disease

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Jackson ◽  
Lukas M. Weber ◽  
Marc Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Treatment Methods

Reasons for performing the study. Equine cheek teeth periodontal disease is a common, often painful dental condition that may lead to premature tooth loss if left untreated. All cases of periodontal disease in this study were associated with diastemata, with the majority of cases being secondary or senile diastemata. At present limited objective information is available comparing different treatment methods for the condition to assist clinicians in making evidence-based treatment decisions. Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of four commonly used treatments for equine periodontal disease (additional to routine dental treatment and equilibration) to assess their merit in reducing periodontal pocket depth. Study design. Retrospective case series. Methods. Four commonly used equine periodontal treatments were compared: Removing feed material and lavaging the periodontal pocket with dilute chlorhexidine and rinsing the mouth with chlorhexidine based mouthwash (‘Hexarinse’), ‘clean and antiseptic lavage’ (CL); CL plus the addition of metronidazole antibiotics into the periodontal pockets (M); M plus the addition of a polyvinyl siloxane temporary filling over the diastema (PVS); and diastema widening to open the diastema and increase the interdental space between adjacent teeth, then PVS (DW). Periodontal pocket depth measurements were compared before and after treatment at treatment intervals between two and six months. Results. Treatment groups CL, M and PVS showed statistically significant reductions in pocket depth following treatment. Mean pocket depth reduction was greatest in the DW group (and this was the only group with no cases involving an increase in pocket depth), but this was based on a small sample size and was not statistically significant. Additional analysis to compare effectiveness revealed a strong confounding effect of initial pocket depth. After taking this into account, there was some evidence that DW was associated with smaller improvements than the other treatments, however this result was also based on a small sample size, and influenced by a small number of cases with particularly large improvements. Among the other treatments, no statistically significant differences in effectiveness were found. Conclusion. This study has shown that treatment methods CL, M and PVS are associated with statistically significant reductions in pocket depth. Due to the confounding effect of initial pocket depth, no clear differences in effectiveness were found between treatment methods.

scholarly journals The t Distribution: A Transformation of the Employee of the Brewery

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Mario Insignares Movilla U Insignares Movilla
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
T Distribution

In situations where the size of the sample data set is relatively small, toassume a normal distribution. some uncertainties exist. A mistake is to userandom sampling and the other the small sample size. That is why, beginningwith the story of the generalities that solved the problem t distribution, thenabout topics that support, and …nally, a detailed analysis with some relationshipswith other distributions. While ignore the importance for hypothesis testing instatistical inference when means were contrasted

scholarly journals Success and Challenge When Returning to Clinical Practice: A Case Series in Anesthesiologist Re-Entry

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Michael S. Green ◽  
Usama Iqbal ◽  
Christopher R. Hoffman ◽  
Parmis Green ◽  
Nielufar Varjavand
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Course Completion ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Medical Negligence

Introduction. Anesthesiologists returning to clinical practice pose unique challenges for licensing and credentialing boards. Few institutions provide re-education. We describe the physician refresher/re-entry program at our College of Medicine. Methods. We launched the physician re-entry program in 2006. This individualized program re-educates physicians who left clinical practice for any reason and are seeking to return. We report results achieved for 12 anesthesiologists who successfully completed the course between August 2012 and February 2018. Results. Seven men and five women left their practices for various reasons, which included relocation, family or medical reasons, substance use, and burnout. None left practice for medical negligence. Range away from clinical activity was 0–10 years. Five had active licenses. Seven were US graduates and five were international. Nine of 12 achieved their goals. Of the 3 others, 1 did not pursue her goal, another did not obtain a residency, and the other just finished the program. Seven out of 9 (78%) achieved their goal within 1 year of course completion. Discussion. Despite our small sample size, our experience to successfully return inactive physicians to the workforce adds to the scant literature and experience in refreshing inactive physicians. Our trainees return to practice serving communities across the country and are now a pivotal part of the anesthesiology workforce. Thus, this program not only services individual physicians, but the whole community affected by their absence.

scholarly journals Comparison of imputation variance estimators

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 2541-2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Hughes ◽  
JAC Sterne ◽  
K Tilling
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Multiple Imputation ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Missing At Random ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variance Estimator ◽  
Moderate Sample Size ◽  
Proposed Modification ◽  
Imputation Procedure

Appropriate imputation inference requires both an unbiased imputation estimator and an unbiased variance estimator. The commonly used variance estimator, proposed by Rubin, can be biased when the imputation and analysis models are misspecified and/or incompatible. Robins and Wang proposed an alternative approach, which allows for such misspecification and incompatibility, but it is considerably more complex. It is unknown whether in practice Robins and Wang’s multiple imputation procedure is an improvement over Rubin’s multiple imputation. We conducted a critical review of these two multiple imputation approaches, a re-sampling method called full mechanism bootstrapping and our modified Rubin’s multiple imputation procedure via simulations and an application to data. We explored four common scenarios of misspecification and incompatibility. In general, for a moderate sample size ( n = 1000), Robins and Wang’s multiple imputation produced the narrowest confidence intervals, with acceptable coverage. For a small sample size ( n = 100) Rubin’s multiple imputation, overall, outperformed the other methods. Full mechanism bootstrapping was inefficient relative to the other methods and required modelling of the missing data mechanism under the missing at random assumption. Our proposed modification showed an improvement over Rubin’s multiple imputation in the presence of misspecification. Overall, Rubin’s multiple imputation variance estimator can fail in the presence of incompatibility and/or misspecification. For unavoidable incompatibility and/or misspecification, Robins and Wang’s multiple imputation could provide more robust inferences.

Application of Ultrasound Elastography for Assessing Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Fiction or Reality?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Gabbiadini ◽  
Eirini Zacharopoulou ◽  
Federica Furfaro ◽  
Vincenzo Craviotto ◽  
Alessandra Zilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Ultrasound Elastography ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background: Intestinal fibrosis and subsequent strictures represent an important burden in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The detection and evaluation of the degree of fibrosis in stricturing Crohn’s disease (CD) is important to address the best therapeutic strategy (medical anti-inflammatory therapy, endoscopic dilation, surgery). Ultrasound elastography (USE) is a non-invasive technique that has been proposed in the field of IBD for evaluating intestinal stiffness as a biomarker of intestinal fibrosis. Objective: The aim of this review is to discuss the ability and current role of ultrasound elastography in the assessment of intestinal fibrosis. Results and Conclusion: Data on USE in IBD are provided by pilot and proof-of-concept studies with small sample size. The first type of USE investigated was strain elastography, while shear wave elastography has been introduced lately. Despite the heterogeneity of the methods of the studies, USE has been proven to be able to assess intestinal fibrosis in patients with stricturing CD. However, before introducing this technique in current practice, further studies with larger sample size and homogeneous parameters, testing reproducibility, and identification of validated cut-off values are needed.

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