scholarly journals A couple’s marital disharmony and its psychological effects on their children during the HIV disclosure process in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gap Data

HIV-positive parents are challenged with disclosure to their children. Limited published data exists on how HIV-positive parents perform disclosure to all their children in the household. To start addressing this gap, data is presented on a couple’s HIV disclosure experiences to all their children. The couple participated in a larger study conducted to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Each underwent an individualized in-depth semi-structured interview. Their interviews were transcribed and transferred into NVivo 8 for analysis using the Van Kaam method. Three themes emerged including HIV testing, full disclosure delivery accompanied by marital disharmony, and post-disclosure psychological effects on the family. The couple’s narration of their diagnoses, and disclosure experiences to their children differed significantly. Ongoing poor paternal health caused persistent inquisitive questions from children. A poor paternal-children relationship, accompanied with his avoidance and non-involvement in disclosure matters caused the mother to fully disclose both parents’ illnesses to the four oldest children. These children were affected by disclosure and held animosity towards their father. One had an emotional outburst directed at the father, while another still displayed anger and withdrawal years later. Therefore, the couple was hesitant to fully disclose their illnesses to their youngest son and differed in how they wanted to disclose to him. HIV-positive parents with poor relationships among family members before HIV testing and/or disclosure should be provided with intense counseling aimed at increasing family cohesion. Extra support before, during, and after disclosure may be required for these families to increase positive outcomes.

scholarly journals A couple’s marital disharmony and its psychological effects on their children during the HIV disclosure process in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gap Data

HIV-positive parents are challenged with disclosure to their children. Limited published data exists on how HIV-positive parents perform disclosure to all their children in the household. To start addressing this gap, data is presented on a couple’s HIV disclosure experiences to all their children. The couple participated in a larger study conducted to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Each underwent an individualized in-depth semi-structured interview. Their interviews were transcribed and transferred into NVivo 8 for analysis using the Van Kaam method. Three themes emerged including HIV testing, full disclosure delivery accompanied by marital disharmony, and post-disclosure psychological effects on the family. The couple’s narration of their diagnoses, and disclosure experiences to their children differed significantly. Ongoing poor paternal health caused persistent inquisitive questions from children. A poor paternal-children relationship, accompanied with his avoidance and non-involvement in disclosure matters caused the mother to fully disclose both parents’ illnesses to the four oldest children. These children were affected by disclosure and held animosity towards their father. One had an emotional outburst directed at the father, while another still displayed anger and withdrawal years later. Therefore, the couple was hesitant to fully disclose their illnesses to their youngest son and differed in how they wanted to disclose to him. HIV-positive parents with poor relationships among family members before HIV testing and/or disclosure should be provided with intense counseling aimed at increasing family cohesion. Extra support before, during, and after disclosure may be required for these families to increase positive outcomes.

scholarly journals A Couple’s Marital Disharmony and its Psychological Effects on their Children during the HIV Disclosure Process in Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gachanja
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
The Family

Limited published data exists on how HIV-positive parents perform disclosure to all their children. A couple’s HIV disclosure experience to all their children is presented. They participated in a larger study conducted to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Each underwent individualized in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and transferred into NVivo 8 for analysis using the Van Kaam method. Three themes emerged including HIV testing, full disclosure delivery accompanied by marital disharmony, and post-disclosure psychological effects on the family. Marital disharmony and non-involvement of the father caused the mother to fully disclose their illnesses to their four oldest children. All children were affected by disclosure, one had a delayed emotional outburst, and another was still angry and withdrawn years later. HIV-positive parents with poor relationships within the families need intense counseling and support pre, during, and post-disclosure to improve outcomes. 

scholarly journals HIV-positive parents’ accounts on disclosure preparation activities for a parent’s and/or a child’s illness in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Original Research Article ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
To Receive

The aim of this research brief is to describe a study that examined how HIV-positive parents prepared themselves and their children for HIV disclosure in Kenya. This is the first study from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that provides comprehensive data on how HIV-positive parents prepare themselves and their HIV-positive and negative children for disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness. Prior studies in SSA have provided limited details about the activities performed by parents to prepare for disclosure of a parent’s or a child’s illness. Key aspects of preparing for disclosure to children: 1. Most parents take years to prepare for disclosure, proceeding when they judge themselves ready to impart the news and their children receptive to receive the news. 2. Parents’ preparation activities for disclosure proceed through four major phases which include secrecy, exploration, readiness, and finally full disclosure of illness. 3. In the secrecy phase parents do not disclose; in the exploration phase they plan how they will disclose; in the readiness phase they seek activities that will help them to fully disclose; finally when ready they fully disclose to their children based on birth order. 4. Parents who have many children remain simultaneously within the different preparation phases as they move their children from a state where none are disclosed to, to a state when all of them have been fully disclosed to. The original research article is located at: http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jsbhs/vol8/iss1/1/

scholarly journals HIV-positive parents’ accounts on disclosure preparation activities for a parent’s and/or a child’s illness in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Original Research Article ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
To Receive

The aim of this research brief is to describe a study that examined how HIV-positive parents prepared themselves and their children for HIV disclosure in Kenya. This is the first study from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that provides comprehensive data on how HIV-positive parents prepare themselves and their HIV-positive and negative children for disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness. Prior studies in SSA have provided limited details about the activities performed by parents to prepare for disclosure of a parent’s or a child’s illness. Key aspects of preparing for disclosure to children: 1. Most parents take years to prepare for disclosure, proceeding when they judge themselves ready to impart the news and their children receptive to receive the news. 2. Parents’ preparation activities for disclosure proceed through four major phases which include secrecy, exploration, readiness, and finally full disclosure of illness. 3. In the secrecy phase parents do not disclose; in the exploration phase they plan how they will disclose; in the readiness phase they seek activities that will help them to fully disclose; finally when ready they fully disclose to their children based on birth order. 4. Parents who have many children remain simultaneously within the different preparation phases as they move their children from a state where none are disclosed to, to a state when all of them have been fully disclosed to. The original research article is located at: http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jsbhs/vol8/iss1/1/

scholarly journals Parents' phases and children's stages of HIV disclosure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Unknown Status ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: HIV-positive parents are challenged with disclosure to their children. Some do not disclose at all, others disclose to some children, and many take years to fully disclose to all their children. Methods: This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Kenya to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Sixteen HIV-positive parents were engaged in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method. Results: Parents had a total of 37 living children; 15 HIV-positive, 11 HIV-negative, and 11 of unknown HIV status. Parents went through four phases (secrecy, exploratory, readiness, full disclosure) of disclosure; most admitted needing healthcare professionals’ help to move their children through the three child stages (no, partial, full) of disclosure . Most parents were in between the exploratory and full disclosure phases but had taken years to navigate these phases. Twelve children (HIV-negative and unknown status) had full disclosure of their parents’ illnesses, nine HIV-positive children had full disclosure of their own and their parents’ illnesses, and 10 children (five HIV-positive, four unknown status, and one HIV-negative) had partial disclosure of their own and/or their parents’ illnesses. Parents had indefinite plans to disclose to the six children with no disclosure. Conclusion: Despite being challenged with disclosure, parents progressively navigated the disclosure phases and fully disclosed to the majority of their children. However, the creation of HIV disclosure guidelines, services, and programs would help hasten the time it takes for them to fully disclose to all their children.

scholarly journals Healthcare professionals' perspectives on HIV disclosure of a parent's and a child's illness in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Clinical Officer ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background: Many HIV-affected families have both parent(s) and child(ren) infected. HIV disclosure to children continues to be a great global challenge for HIV-positive parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs); parents and HCPs differ on how and when to disclose to children. Methods: Six HCPs including a physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator participated in a larger qualitative phenomenological study conducted to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Each HCP underwent an in-depth, semi-structured interview; transcribed data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method in NVivo8. Results: Despite HCPs providing parents with regular advice on the benefits of HIV disclosure, fear of stigma, discrimination, and disclosure consequences caused parents to delay disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness to their HIV-negative and positive children respectively for lengthy periods. While awaiting parental consent for full disclosure, HCPs were forced to provide age-appropriate disease-related information to children. HCPs preference however, was to fully disclose to children in their parents’ presence at the clinic, when children started asking questions and/or displayed maturity and understanding of the illness. Conclusion: Parents are known to prefer disclosing to their children at a time and place of their choosing. Conversely, it appears that HCPs may prefer to disclose to children when they judge the time as being right. For favorable disclosure outcomes, further studies are needed to reconcile the most suitable timing, setting, and person to disclose to HIV-positive and negative children.

scholarly journals Marital disharmony in a couple's marriage and its psychological effects on their children during the HIV disclosure process in Kenya

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cohabiting Couples

The aim of this research brief is to summarize a case report study that described an HIV-positive married couple’s poor disclosure experience of their illnesses to all their children in the household. It is important to communicate this couple’s HIV disclosure experience to healthcare professionals so that they are aware of the problems that can occur if married or cohabiting couples do not collaborate with each other during the disclosure process. The data presented in the case report study and in this research brief should be used to provide targeted counseling to HIV-positive parents or cohabiting couples considering disclosure to their children.

scholarly journals Parents' phases and children's stages of HIV disclosure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Unknown Status ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: HIV-positive parents are challenged with disclosure to their children. Some do not disclose at all, others disclose to some children, and many take years to fully disclose to all their children. Methods: This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Kenya to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Sixteen HIV-positive parents were engaged in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method. Results: Parents had a total of 37 living children; 15 HIV-positive, 11 HIV-negative, and 11 of unknown HIV status. Parents went through four phases (secrecy, exploratory, readiness, full disclosure) of disclosure; most admitted needing healthcare professionals’ help to move their children through the three child stages (no, partial, full) of disclosure . Most parents were in between the exploratory and full disclosure phases but had taken years to navigate these phases. Twelve children (HIV-negative and unknown status) had full disclosure of their parents’ illnesses, nine HIV-positive children had full disclosure of their own and their parents’ illnesses, and 10 children (five HIV-positive, four unknown status, and one HIV-negative) had partial disclosure of their own and/or their parents’ illnesses. Parents had indefinite plans to disclose to the six children with no disclosure. Conclusion: Despite being challenged with disclosure, parents progressively navigated the disclosure phases and fully disclosed to the majority of their children. However, the creation of HIV disclosure guidelines, services, and programs would help hasten the time it takes for them to fully disclose to all their children.

scholarly journals Η λειτουργία της οικογένειας με ένα παιδί με αναπηρία και ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες: Μια συγκριτική μελέτη

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Αναστασία Τσαμπαρλή ◽  
Ασημίνα Τσιμπιδάκη
Keyword(s):  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Projective Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Child Centered ◽  
Degree Of Satisfaction ◽  
Families With Children

The present study focuses on the particular characteristics of the family with a child with disability and special educational needs (d./s.e.n.). The sample consists of 60 nuclear families: 30 families with children with d./s.e.n. and 30 families with children without d./s.e.n. (in total 234 individuals: 120 parents and 114 children). Semi-structured interview,questionnaires and projective tests were used for data collection. The findings suggest that families raising a child with d./s.e.n present an explicit generational hierarchy. A main factor in the organization and content of roles of the subsystems is the existence of the child with d./s.e.n. The families are child-centered and parental projections in the future are hindered. The siblings function as levers of balance. Moreover, there is no statistically significant difference between parents with and those without a child with d./s.e.n. on the following: (a) family cohesion, adaptability and type of family, (b) the degree of satisfaction from the marital relationship, c) coping strategies, and d) the number of social support networks and the degree of satisfaction that derives from them. The general conclusion of this study is that families raising a child with d./s.e.n. present some common characteristics in their organisation and functioning compared to the families of children without d./s.e.n. At the same time, the families of children with d./s.e.n. have distinguishable dynamics: they present their own rules of organization; however, these do not render them dysfunctional.

scholarly journals Healthcare professionals' perspectives on HIV disclosure of a parent's and a child's illness in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Clinical Officer ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background: Many HIV-affected families have both parent(s) and child(ren) infected. HIV disclosure to children continues to be a great global challenge for HIV-positive parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs); parents and HCPs differ on how and when to disclose to children. Methods: Six HCPs including a physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator participated in a larger qualitative phenomenological study conducted to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Each HCP underwent an in-depth, semi-structured interview; transcribed data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method in NVivo8. Results: Despite HCPs providing parents with regular advice on the benefits of HIV disclosure, fear of stigma, discrimination, and disclosure consequences caused parents to delay disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness to their HIV-negative and positive children respectively for lengthy periods. While awaiting parental consent for full disclosure, HCPs were forced to provide age-appropriate disease-related information to children. HCPs preference however, was to fully disclose to children in their parents’ presence at the clinic, when children started asking questions and/or displayed maturity and understanding of the illness. Conclusion: Parents are known to prefer disclosing to their children at a time and place of their choosing. Conversely, it appears that HCPs may prefer to disclose to children when they judge the time as being right. For favorable disclosure outcomes, further studies are needed to reconcile the most suitable timing, setting, and person to disclose to HIV-positive and negative children.

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