In a prospective cohort study of 680 incident continuous peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients in North America, dialysis in the United States compared with Canada was associated with a relative risk (RR) of death of 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 3.28). The 2-yr survival probability was 79.7% in Canada and 63.2% in the United States. This difference was not explained by race, age, gender, functional status, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nutritional status, or adequacy of dialysis. Other potential explanatory variables were further evaluated. These included severity of CVD, residual renal function, race, differential transfer to hemodialysis or transplantation, patient compliance, modality selection bias, and incidence of endstage renal disease requiring dialysis. Cardiovascular morbidity and peritonitis probabilities were compared. The CVD severity index was not different between countries; the RR risk associated with dialysis in the United States remained high at 1.87 (95% CI, 1.09 to 3.19). Residual renal function at initiation of dialysis was not different between countries. The 2-yr survival for Caucasians was 77% in Canada and 55% in the United States. There was no difference in the probability of transfer to hemodialysis or transplantation. The RR of a nonfatal cardiovascular event in the United States compared with Canada was 1.80 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.67). There was no difference in time to first peritonitis. The observed to predicted creatinine ratio, as an estimate of compliance, was 1.13 in Canada and 1.00 in the United States. The prevalence of PD in the study centers was 48% in Canada and 22% in the United States. The incidence of new dialysis patients in 1992 was 100/million population in Canada compared with 211/ million in the United States. The survival difference is not explained by age, gender, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, nutritional status, or adequacy of dialysis. Neither is it explained by race, severity of CVD, transfer to hemodialysis, transplantation, or an estimate of compliance. The lower proportion of patients receiving PD in the United States may represent a selection bias of uncertain direction. The higher acceptance rate for dialysis in the United States may explain, in part, the greater cardiovascular morbidity and the decreased survival observed.
The Finland–United States Investigation of Non–Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Genetics (FUSION) Study. I. An Autosomal Genome Scan for Genes That Predispose to Type 2 Diabetes