AN INTENSIONAL LEIBNIZ SEMANTICS FOR ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLAUS GLASHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Aristotelian Logic ◽  
Categorical Logic ◽  
Characteristic Numbers ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Philosophical Standpoint ◽  
Classical Philosophy

Since Frege’s predicate logical transcription of Aristotelian categorical logic, the standard semantics of Aristotelian logic considers terms as standing for sets of individuals. From a philosophical standpoint, this extensional model poses problems: There exist serious doubts that Aristotle’s terms were meant to refer always to sets, that is, entities composed of individuals. Classical philosophy up to Leibniz and Kant had a different view on this question—they looked at terms as standing for concepts (“Begriffe”). In 1972, Corcoran presented a formal system for Aristotelian logic containing a calculus of natural deduction, while, with respect to semantics, he still made use of an extensional interpretation. In this paper we deal with a simple intensional semantics for Corcoran’s syntax—intensional in the sense that no individuals are needed for the construction of a complete Tarski model of Aristotelian syntax. Instead, we view concepts as containing or excluding other, “higher” concepts—corresponding to the idea which Leibniz used in the construction of his characteristic numbers. Thus, this paper is an addendum to Corcoran’s work, furnishing his formal syntax with an adequate semantics which is free from presuppositions which have entered into modern interpretations of Aristotle’s theory via predicate logic.

scholarly journals On Learning Interpreted Languages with Recurrent Models

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Denis Paperno
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Neural Nets ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Sequential Data ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Compositional Interpretation

Abstract Can recurrent neural nets, inspired by human sequential data processing, learn to understand language? We construct simplified datasets reflecting core properties of natural language as modeled in formal syntax and semantics: recursive syntactic structure and compositionality. We find LSTM and GRU networks to generalise to compositional interpretation well, but only in the most favorable learning settings, with a well-paced curriculum, extensive training data, and left-to-right (but not right-to-left) composition.

scholarly journals Questions in Bantu languages: prosodies and positions

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Laura J. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Student ◽  
Project Leader ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Cooperative Project

The papers in this volume were originally presented at the Workshop on Bantu Wh-questions, held at the Institut des Sciences de l’Homme, Université Lyon 2, on 25-26 March 2011, which was organized by the French-German cooperative project on the Phonology/Syntax Interface in Bantu Languages (BANTU PSYN). This project, which is funded by the ANR and the DFG, comprises three research teams, based in Berlin, Paris and Lyon. The Berlin team, at the ZAS, is: Laura Downing (project leader) and Kristina Riedel (post-doc). The Paris team, at the Laboratoire de phonétique et phonologie (LPP; UMR 7018), is: Annie Rialland (project leader), Cédric Patin (Maître de Conférences, STL, Université Lille 3), Jean-Marc Beltzung (post-doc), Martial Embanga Aborobongui (doctoral student), Fatima Hamlaoui (post-doc). The Lyon team, at the Dynamique du Langage (UMR 5596) is: Gérard Philippson (project leader) and Sophie Manus (Maître de Conférences, Université Lyon 2). These three research teams bring together the range of theoretical expertise necessary to investigate the phonology-syntax interface: intonation (Patin, Rialland), tonal phonology (Aborobongui, Downing, Manus, Patin, Philippson, Rialland), phonology-syntax interface (Downing, Patin) and formal syntax (Riedel, Hamlaoui). They also bring together a range of Bantu language expertise: Western Bantu (Aboronbongui, Rialland), Eastern Bantu (Manus, Patin, Philippson, Riedel), and Southern Bantu (Downing).  

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DATABASE SECURITY

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
YUN BAI ◽  
YAN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Database Systems ◽  
Database System ◽  
Database Security ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Data Objects ◽  
Object Oriented Database

In this paper, we propose a formal approach of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in securing object oriented database systems. We combine the specification of object oriented database with security policies and provide its formal syntax and semantics. The properties in the inheritance of authorizations in object oriented database system and reasoning about authorizations on data objects are also investigated in detail.

Neo-Gricean Pragmatics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Huang
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Logical Operators ◽  
What Is Said ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Gricean Pragmatics ◽  
Pragmatic Intrusion

The aim of this chapter is to provide a state-of-the-art survey of classical and especially neo-Gricean pragmatics, focusing on the bipartite model put forward by Horn and the trinitarian model advanced by Levinson. It assesses the role neo-Gricean pragmatics plays in effecting a radical simplification of the lexicon, semantics, and formal syntax in linguistic theory respectively, covering lexical narrowing, lexical cloning, lexical blocking, and lexicalization asymmetry in logical operators, and concentrating on pragmatic intrusion into what is said, Grice’s circle, and the pragmatics–semantics interface, and anaphora and binding.

Formal Syntax for Fragments

2012 ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Jan van Eijck ◽  
Christina Unger
Keyword(s):  
Formal Syntax

LANGUAGE CHANGE IN VARIATION AND FORMAL SYNTAX

2003 ◽  
Vol Supplement 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-247
Author(s):  
R. W. FASOLD
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Formal Syntax

Formal syntax and semantics of basic function blocks in IEC 61499

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Tu ◽  
D Li ◽  
S Li
Keyword(s):  
Code Generation ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Denotational Semantics ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Execution Semantics ◽  
Iec 61499

The use IEC 61499 (International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC) as a modelling language for distributed industrial process measurement control systems lacks formal syntax and explicit semantics and can hardly ensure reliability and validity of systems. As the basic modelling elements in IEC 61499, syntax and semantics of basic function block (BFB) are specified informally and ambiguously. Hence, the formal syntax and explicit semantics of BFB are advanced to achieve the behavioural consistency and correct results, in this article. The formal syntax is defined by mathematical set theory and the explicit semantics are composed of two kinds of semantics: denotational and execution semantics. The denotational semantics explain the meaning of language with an extended Mealy finite-state machines for the formal verification in a formal way. The execution semantics provide execution rule and algorithm scheduling in the execution process and involve an input machine and the main part, in which input machine masters the matching relation of event and data input variables and the main part offers execution orders and algorithm computation. Besides, the execution semantics of BFB are exemplified with two events and algorithms as the execution order t1–t20, and a flowchart of BFB behaviours is given as an overview of the processing steps for implementation or code generation.

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