The properties, subcellular distribution, and the effects of Mg2+ and propranolol on phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.4) from rabbit iris smooth muscle have been investigated. The particulate and soluble (0–30% (NH4)2SO4 fraction) enzymes were assayed using aqueous phosphatidate dispersions and membrane-bound phosphatidate as substrates, respectively. When measured with aqueous substrate, activity was detected in both the particulate and soluble fractions, with the highest relative specific activity found in the microsomal fraction. Maximum dephosphorylation by the microsomal enzyme was about 1100 nmol of inorganic phosphate released/h per milligram protein and occurred at pH 7.0–7.5. In general Mg2+ inhibited the phosphohydrolase activity of the microsomal fraction and stimulated that of the soluble fraction, and the effects of the divalent cation on both of these activities were reversed by propranolol. The microsomal enzyme was slightly stimulated by deoxycholate and inhibited by the divalent cations Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ at concentrations > 0.25 mM. In contrast, the soluble enzyme was stimulated by Mg2+. Inhibition of the microsomal enzyme by Mg2+ (0.5 mM) was reversed by both EDTA, which also stimulated at higher concentrations (1 mM), and propranolol (0.1–0.2 mM). The inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on the enzyme was not reversed by propranolol. In the absence of Mg2+, the microsomal enzyme was inhibited by propranolol in a dose-dependent manner, and both in the absence and presence of the divalent cation the soluble enzyme was inhibited by the drug in a similar manner. These data suggest that the cationic moiety of propranolol may act by competing at the Mg2+-binding sites. Addition of propranolol (0.2 mM) to iris muscle prelabelled with [14C]arachidonic acid increased accumulation of [14C]phosphatidic acid at all time intervals (2.5–90 min) and brought about a corresponding initial decrease in the formation of [14C]diacylglycerol at short time intervals (2.5 min), thus implicating the phosphohydrolase as a possible site of action of the drug on glycerolipid metabolism in this tissue. In addition to reporting on the characteristics and distribution of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in the iris smooth muscle, the data presented add further support to our hypothesis that propranolol redirects glycerolipid metabolism in the iris by exerting multiple effects on the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis.
Acidic pH and divalent cation sensing by PhoQ are dispensable for systemic salmonellae virulence
