Abstract
Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) is an ideal characterization tool to explore nanoscale systems. In order to investigate nanostructural changes of materials under realistic sample environments, it is essential to equip SAXS with diverse in situ capabilities based on the corresponding requirements. In this paper, we highlight the representative experimental setups and corresponding applications of five widely used in situ capabilities: temperature, pressure, stretching, flow-through, and electric field. Additionally, we also briefly introduce other four in situ techniques including humidity, high-throughput, rheology, and magnetic field.
The magnetic response of spindle-shaped hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles was investigated by simultaneous small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) experiments.
A compact and portable magnet system for measuring magnetic dichroism in resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (SX-RIXS) has been developed at the beamline BL07LSU in SPring-8. A magnetic circuit composed of Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets, which realised ∼0.25 T at the center of an 11 mm gap, was rotatable around the axis perpendicular to the X-ray scattering plane. Using the system, a SX-RIXS spectrum was obtained under the application of the magnetic field at an angle parallel, nearly 45° or perpendicular to the incident X-rays. A dedicated sample stage was also designed to be as compact as possible, making it possible to perform SX-RIXS measurements at arbitrary incident angles by rotating the sample stage in the gap between the magnetic poles. This system enables facile studies of magnetic dichroism in SX-RIXS for various experimental geometries of the sample and the magnetic field. A brief demonstration of the application is presented.
Resonant x-ray scattering reveals possible disappearance of magnetic order under hydrostatic pressure in the Kitaev candidate
γ−Li2IrO3