Translation and interpretation in Abhidharmakośa

Rosemberg (1991) has made a critical review of a long-standing discussion between Eastern philologists and Buddhist philosophers. The discussion is centered around the translation of the doctrine on the one hand, and its philosophical systematization on the other hand. When scientific-philological translation prevails, the literal meaning of Buddhist terminology is declared to be its basis. The young scholar, who had specialized in Japan, studied Buddhism from Japanese and Chinese sources and collected lexicographic material from non-Hindu sources. After comparing them, he encountered inaccuracies in the translation. In an attempt to overcome them, he preferred the point of view of the philosophy of Buddhism. The conclusion that he has drawn in the preface of this edition is that the study should begin with a systematization of antiquity.

Duohua huangjing (Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua) seedling basal rot caused by Fusarium redolens in China

Duohua huangjing (Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua) seedling basal stem rot caused by Fusarium redolens in China Tao Tang1, Fanfan Wang1, Jie Guo1, Xiaoliang Guo1, Yuanyuan Duan1,Jingmao You1* 1 Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China. Duohua huangjing (Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua), a herbal medicine, that is mostly planted in several provinces in China. In April 2020, severe diseases with about 40% seedling losse was found in the Huangjing seedling base in Shiyan city, Hubei province. The symptoms included softening and decay of the roots and stem bases, a progressive yellowing and wilting of leaves, and finally being completely rotted. Small pieces of symptomatic stems (0.5 cm in length) and leaves (0.5 × 0.5 cm in size) were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterile water, and then dried with sterilized absorbent paper. The sections were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium containing 10 µg/ml of ampicillin and incubated at 25°C in the dark. After 3 days incubation, eight isolates with the same colony morphology were sub-cultured and purified by hyphal tip isolation. Macroconidia were sickle-shaped, 15.8 - 32.3 × 3.1 - 5.6 μm (n = 25), and three to five septate. Microconidia were oval or kidney-shaped, 5.2 - 11.4 × 2.0 - 3.2 μm (n = 25), and zero to one septate. To confirm the identity of the pathogen, molecular identification was performed with strain HJCD1. Following DNA extraction, PCR was performed using the TSINGKE 2×T5 Direct PCR Mix kit. Target areas of amplification were the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) using ITS1/4 (White et al. 1990) , EF1/EF2 (Taylor et al. 2016), respectively. Following BLAST searches and phylogenetic reconstruction, the ITS region (GenBank MW485770.1) showed 99% identity with those of Fusarium redolens in GenBank (KU350713.1) and the TEF-1α (GenBank MW503930.1) showed 100% identity with F. redolens GenBank (MK922537.1). Pathogenicity tests were performed to fulfill Koch’s postulates. Huangjing seedlings were rinsed with sterile water, wiped clean with sterile absorbent paper, and transferred to a tray covered with wet filter paper to maintain high humidity. The mycelial piugs of F. redolens HJCD1 were inoculated onto the surface of leaves and basal stems. Controls were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. The inoculated seedlings were sealed with plastic wrap, and then cultivated in a 25 ℃ growth chamber with 16 h of light per day. The pathogen-inoculated plants exhibited etiolation and typical wilt symptoms after 4 days, whereas no symptoms were observed in the control plants. F. redolens was reisolated from the infected tissues, and colony morphology and ITS sequence of re-isolates were same as that of HJCD1. The pathogen has been reported previously in american ginseng in China (Fan et al. 2021), lentil in Pakistan (Rafique et al. 2020), and wild rocket in United Kingdom (Taylor et al. 2019). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. redolens causing seelding basal rot on Duohua huangjing in China. References: White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Taylor, A., et al. 2016. Mol. Plant Pathol. 17:1032. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12346 Fan, S. H., et al. 2021. Plant Dis. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2519-PDN Rafique, K., et al. 2020. Plant Dis. 9:104. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2519-PDN Taylor, A., et al. 2019. Plant Dis.6:103. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2143-PDN Funding: Science Funds for Young Scholar of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science (grant no. 2020NKYJJ20), National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (grant no. CARS-21), Technology R&D Program of Enshi (grant no. D20190015), Science Funds for Young Scholar of Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences (grant no. 2019ZYCJJ03), Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crops of Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China / Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control (grant no.2020ZTSJJ6)

The Interpretation of the Cleansing Fire of Purgatory in J. Frith’s Disputation of Purgatory

В статье анализируется интерпретация католического догмата о чистилище английским реформатором Дж. Фритом, представленная им в одноименном трактате «Спор о чистилище». Молодой теолог бросил вызов ведущим ученым того времени — своим соотечественникам Дж. Растеллу, Т. Мору, Дж. Фишеру, защищавшим доктрину о чистилище. Основываясь на Священном Писании, английский реформатор отрицал материальное существование чистилища и трактовал «очистительный огонь» символически как скорбь, раскаяние, муки совести. Опираясь на метод герменевтического анализа текста, автор делает вывод, что Джон Фрит предложил иной взгляд на эту проблему. Чистилище, по его мнению, находится в земной жизни человека, где он борется со своими грехами, очищаясь Словом Божиим. The article analyzes the interpretation of the catholic doctrine of purgatory presented by an English reformer J. Frith in his publication A Disputation of Purgatory. The young scholar defies the ideas expressed by his compatriots J. Rastell, Th. More, and J. Fisher (leading theology specialists of the time adhering to the doctrine of purgatory). The analysis of the Holly Scripture enabled the English reformer to reject the material existence of purgatory and to argue that the cleansing fire should be interpreted as a symbol of anguish, remorse, pangs of conscience. The author of the article employs the hermeneutic content analysis to prove that John Frith proposed a novel interpretation of the concept of purgatory. Frith believes that purgatory is our life where people fight their sins and are cleansed through God’s Word.

«María Luisa Villalba» y La Tarde

The present work focuses on the first steps of María Rosa Alonso as journalist, specifically her collaboration with the newspaper La Tarde. At that time, she was only twenty years old and she dared to write articles under the pseudonym «María Luisa Villalba». At the beginning of the 20th century it was frowned upon for a woman to write in the journals, and in order to avoid problems, principally with her mother, she decided to silence her true identity. Later this work deals with the young writer in the historical context of the first decades of the xxth century, with a comparison with María Joaquina de Viera y Clavijo, a woman who during the Enlightment also carried out works that, at the time, were unexpected for the feminine condition. Her life shares several similarities with the journalist. We focus on the newspaper La Tarde, its history and how the trust that Víctor Zurita, director of that evening journal, placed in the young scholar was decisive for the beginning of a fruitful professional relationship. We present a thematic classification of her articles, in which we include a brief abstract with some personal assessments, always following the chronological order.

Próba utworzenia katedry historii Bizancjum na Uniwersytecie Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie. Przyczynek do dziejów bizantynistyki w Polsce

This text discusses the attempts to create a chair of history of Byzantium at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów (today Lviv in Ukraine), in late 1933. After the end of the First World War, no chairs of Byzantine history existed at the universities in Poland. However, when Kazimierz Zakrzewski, a young scholar and expert on the history of late antiquity and Byzantium, came to Lwów, the idea to establish such a chair at the local university was conceived. Professor Edmund Bulanda drafted a special paper in which he justified the need to create a chair of Byzantine history at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów. The Council of the Faculty of the Humanities decided to apply to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education, with a request to have such a department created. Unfortunately, central authorities responded in the negative. Two years later, however, a chair of Byzantine history was created at the University in Warsaw and it was assumed by the very same Kazimierz Zakrzewski. In Lwów (from 1945 officially Lviv) itself, the chair of Byzantine studies was created at the beginning of the 21st century, in the realities of the new Ukrainian state.