Land and Sea Coordination: Revisiting Integrated Coastal Management in the Context of Community Interests

At present, the ecological environment and resources of the global coastal zones are facing great pressures. Climate change leads to sea level rise, environmental change, stressful population increases and changes in demographics, all of which affect existing coastal management systems. Therefore, all coastal countries begin to increasingly attach importance to the integrated management of coastal zones. How to better adapt to current changes in global coastal zones is a question that every coastal country should think about. From sea- and land-partitioned management to land and sea coordination and from simple coastal management to the integration of the ecological environment and society, integrated management has been planned from many perspectives and levels. It plays a role in promoting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Context and Development of the Coastal Marine Environmental Management In Colombia

In Colombia, in order to meet the challenges of coastal marine management and responding to international commitments, it was adopted in 2000 the “National Environmental Policy for the Sustainable Development of Ocean Spaces and Coastal and Insular Zones of Colombia - PNAOCI ”, which has an ecosystem approach and as a conceptual framework, the integrated management of coastal zones -MIZC (or integrated coastal management - MCI / integrated coastal management - GCI), seeking to balance environmental protection and economic development, to contribute to the Physical ordering of the territory (Territorial Ordering), from the environmental ordering. For this, criteria were defined to guide the definition of the coastal zone in the country and spatial units (Coastal Environmental Units – UACs, acronym in Spanish) were delimited, as continuous geographical areas, involving land and sea space, with clearly defined ecosystems, which they require a unified visualization and management that brings together local and subregional territorial entities; in addition to consolidating over 20 years, a conceptual, political, regulatory, technical and operational support. In the legal context, as of Law 1450 of 2011, the generation of normative support regarding the UACs and the Plans for the management and integrated management of coastal environmental units (POMIUAC, acronym in Spanish) was promoted, as a planning instrument (Decree 1120 of 2013, compiled in Decree 1076 of 2015); Likewise, based on practical cases, a methodological framework was built embodied in a technical guide for the preparation of the POMIUAC, adopted by Resolution 768 of 2017. On the other hand, although the advances in the coastal marine environmental regulation in Colombia are oriented under the MIZC, given the similarities in terms of definition, spatial scope, scope and methodology, that they have with marine spatial planning (PEM), it can be said that these processes developed in Colombia under the MIZC scheme contribute to the development of the PEM concept In the country, and in the opposite case, practical EMP exercises that are addressed could complement the advances that the country has made in this area under the policy and regulatory framework that supports it.

Contribution of Marine Spatial Planning in Mexico to Marine and Coastal Management

Marine spatial planning in Mexico is materialized by the ecological ordinance, a cross-sectoral environmental policy instrument. Throughout this instrument, government seeks to strengthen coordination between authorities and society to counter and correct negative consequences of sectoral planning in different government agencies moving forward towards integrated coastal management and the blue economy. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of marine spatial planning in Mexico, with an emphasis on collaborative governance. The intention is that this perspective may prove its usefulness for other countries with similar socioeconomic, environmental characteristics and/or governance.

Coastal Evolution in a Wetland Affected by Large Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in South-Central Chile: Criteria for Integrated Coastal Management

The coastal evolution of the microtidal Tubul-Raqui wetland in south-central Chile (36° S), which historically has been affected by large earthquakes and tsunamis, particularly the 1960 (Mw = 9.5) and 2010 (Mw = 8.8) subduction earthquakes and their associated tsunamis, is analyzed. Historical aerial photographs and topographic and bathymetric surveys from the 1961–2017 period, as well as salinity, sediment, and flora data obtained following the 2010 earthquake were used for comparison with data from prior to the event. A steady state of the shoreline was established, with an average erosion rate of −0.016 m/year in the 1961–2017 period. However, erosion predominated in the period between these two large earthquakes (1961–2009), with an average rate of −0.386 m/year. The wetland dried up, partially recovered saline intrusion a year later, and recovered the salinity conditions it had before the earthquake two years later. The postearthquake effects on the floristic composition were not significant, with the species Spartina densiflora, which presented a high tolerance to these types of changes, predominating. Moreover, 75 percent of the taxa in pre- and postearthquake conditions coincided, with the halophyte species Spartina densiflora, Sarcocornia fructicosa, and Cotula coronopifolia predominating, while the best-conserved community was Spartina-Sarcocornia association located in the saltmarsh. Seven years after the earthquake, the shoreline presented an accretion rate of 2.935 m/year; if the current tectonic conditions prevail, an erosive trend can be expected in the coming decades. The morphological variability and the changes associated with the shoreline in this wetland are strongly controlled by tectonic factors. Criteria aimed at integrated coastal management to promote its occupancy and use in accordance with its evolutionary dynamics are proposed.

Management Regulation of Indonesia’s Coastal and Sea Areas

The scope of Act No. 27 of 2007 concerning PWP-PK includes the meeting area between water and land, inland covering the administrative area of the sub-district, and as far as 12 nautical miles measured from the coastline towards the open sea and/or to direction of archipelagic waters. The determination of the boundaries of coastal and marine areas cannot be equated between the provisions in Act No. 27 of 2007 concerning PWP-PK with UNCLOS 1982. Special handling in coastal and marine areas includes aspects of integration and institutional authority, so that the resources contained in the area this can be a superior product contributing to the development of the Indonesian nation in the future. In accordance with the principles of integrated coastal management, as regulated in Article 4 of Act No. 27 of 2007 concerning PWP-PK, coastal area management in Indonesia involves many sectors and natural resources, both living and non-living, and implementation requires collaboration between the Government and Regional Governments. Keywords: Territory, Law, Sea