Cosmopolitanism and Crimes Against Humanity

Chapter 4 examines deployments of “crimes against humanity” by post–Cold War liberal cosmopolitan thinkers across international relations theory and political theory. Liberal cosmopolitans routinely use “crimes against humanity” to recast foreign military intervention as global policing, rather than warfare. This rearticulation of cross-border military coercion disavows its irreducibly violent character and privileges the hierarchy between criminals against humanity and the enforcers of its laws over the principle of combatant equality that defines the international law of war. In this light, the chapter analyzes Jürgen Habermas’s reliance on crimes against humanity as “fixes” in moments in which his canonical theory of human rights and the democratic authorization of coercive law enforcement cannot justify Western-led military intervention in non-European states that he nonetheless endorses. Shifting away from long-standing theoretical commitments, Habermas’s cosmopolitanism yields an “affective turn,” which claims that public expressions of normative emotions against atrocities abroad serve to legitimize foreign intervention.

Legal Training of Graduates of Theological Schools

Актуальные программы бакалавриата и магистратуры духовных школ Русской Православной Церкви должны обеспечить, среди прочего, появление целого поколения квалифицированных церковных правоведов. Последние должны быть способны не только представлять актуальные аналитические доклады, исходящие из канонической теории, но и создать ту практику правоприменения, которая позволит развиваться каноническому праву в будущем. В настоящей статье рассматриваются возможности и перспективы повышения правовой подготовки студентов духовных школ, а также первоочередные задачи для этой работы. The actual programs of undergraduate and master’s studies of theological schools of the Russian Orthodox Church should ensure, among other things, the emergence of a whole generation of qualified Church legal scholars. The latter should be able not only to present rel evant analytical reports emanating from canonical theory, but also to create the practice of en forcement that will allow the development of canon law in the future. This article examines the possibilities and prospects for improving the legal training of students of theological schools, as well as the priorities for this work.

Revisiting sticking property of submillimetre-sized aggregates

ABSTRACT Understanding the physical properties of dust aggregates is of great importance in planetary science. In this study, we revisited the sticking property of submillimetre-sized aggregates. We revealed that the ‘effective surface energy’ model used in previous studies underestimates the critical pulling force needed to separate two sticking aggregates. We also derived a new and simple model of the critical pulling force based on the canonical theory of two contacting spheres. Our findings indicate that we do not need to consider the ‘effective surface energy’ of dust aggregates when discussing the physical properties of loose agglomerates of submillimetre-sized aggregates.

The Strange Case of Verbs without Subjects

This chapter analyzes some special verbs, that is, verbs that do not have a subject. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 3.1 looks at a central structural property of natural languages, involving a special type of syntactic movement called “raising.” Section 3.2 analyzes the verb to be and examines the main stages that led to the canonical theory of the 1980s. Finally, Section 3.3 shows how letting go of a sentence theory axiom allows the resolution of the anomaly of sentences with the verb to be, leading to a unified theory of copular sentences and ultimately to new questions about the general architecture of syntax in natural languages.