Abstract
Amphibian embryos often suffer increased mortality and altered hatching when exposed to road deicing salt runoff or pathogens such as water molds. However, the combined effects of such contaminants on embryos remains understudied. To test how pond salinization interacts with water mold (Saprolegnia sp.) to influence hatching timing and survival, we first measured pond water conductivity and temperature and quantified the prevalence and abundance of water mold in nature. Second, we experimentally placed wood frog (Rana sylvatica) embryos in the presence or absence of water mold, crossed with environmentally realistic salt concentrations (100 μS, 300 μS, or 600 μS). Lastly, we quantified growth and colonization of water mold in this range of salinities. Our results demonstrate that salt had synergistic effects with water mold exposure that affected hatching time, though water mold had less of an effect at higher salinities. Water mold significantly reduced egg survival whereas salt did not. Higher salinities also increased water mold growth and colonization on new substrates. These results indicate that road salt runoff may enhance colonization of amphibian eggs by water molds increasing mortality and premature hatching of surviving embryos, which may in turn have detrimental effects on amphibian communities.