Chemical Pond Water Contamination–icpms Investigations in the Various Areas of Eluru City, Andhra Pradesh, India-a Case Study.

The several stagnant water resources contamination in urban areas mainly caused by anthropogenic activities and as well as pathogenic organisms. The objective of the present study is to determine the chemical contamination in pond water regardingsudden appearance of health problems among the people of certain areas in Eluru, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The results of ICP-MS investigations showed elemental impurities in water samples and physio-chemical parameters of pond water such as pH, TDS, EC, CC , Total Hardness etc., are studied in detailed.

Experimental reproduction of White Feces Syndrome in whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

White Feces Syndrome (WFS) is an emergent disease of penaeid shrimp (Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei) that is identified by the presence of floating white fecal strings on pond water in grow-out ponds. Although the clinical manifestations of WFS are well defined, the underling etiology remains obscure. WFS has been associated with several enteric pathogens, including Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The association is based on studies that found areas where WFS has been reported, the prevalence and severity of EHP infection are high. In this study, we describe an experimental reproduction of WFS in P. vannamei pre-infected with EHP and challenged with a unique isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a shrimp displaying WFS. Upon laboratory challenge, shrimp displaying white fecal strings and white discoloration of the gastrointestinal tract were analyzed by histopathology, in-situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. Histological analysis confirmed the lesions of EHP and septic hepatopancreatic necrosis in the hepatopancreas of shrimp exposed to both pathogens. Quantitative PCR showed shrimp infected with both EHP and V. parahaemolyticus had a significantly higher load of EHP compared to shrimp infected with EHP alone. This is the first demonstration of experimental reproduction of WFS under laboratory conditions when animals are infected with EHP and V. parahaemolyticus concurrently. The data revealed a synergistic relation between EHP and V. parahaemolyticus isolate that led to the manifestation of WFS. We propose the gross signs of WFS can be used as an indicator of the presence of EHP infection in association with a particular strain of an enteric Vibrio spp. in countries where EHP is endemic.

IoT System on Dynamic Fish Feeder Based on Fish Existence for Agriculture Aquaponic Breeders

Maintaining and breeding fish in a pond are a crucial task for a large fish breeder. The main issues for fish breeders are pond management such as the production of food for fishes and to maintain the pond water quality. The dynamic or technological system for breeders has been invented and becomes important to get maximum profit return for aquaponic breeders in maintaining fishes. This research presents a developed prototype of a dynamic fish feeder based on fish existence. The dynamic fish feeder is programmed to feed where sensors detected the fish's existence. A microcontroller board NodeMCU ESP8266 is programmed for the developed hardware. The controller controls the feeding and feedback mechanism based on attached sensors. An ultrasonic sensor is programmed with the controller to detect the level of food and waterproof ultrasonic to detect existing fish. The humidity sensor was used to measure the humidity in the food container to control the food freshness. Two servo motors were used to move the waterproof sensor to attract the fish and to dispense the food to the fish when existed. The result presents four measured levels that are the temperature of the food container, the quality of food based on humidity measured, fish detection counter and level of fish food in the container. Data analytics on all the measured levels was presented on the ThingSpeak platform by using Blynk to get data collections from all sensors. This research is significant for fish breeders that support IR4.0 system connected online and mobile apps which also contribute to today’s agriculture.

Characterization of External Mucosal Microbiomes of Nile Tilapia and Grey Mullet Co-cultured in Semi-Intensive Pond Systems

The external mucosal surfaces of the fish harbor complex microbial communities, which may play pivotal roles in the physiological, metabolic, and immunological status of the host. Currently, little is known about the composition and role of these communities, whether they are species and/or tissue specific and whether they reflect their surrounding environment. Co-culture of fish, a common practice in semi-intensive aquaculture, where different fish species cohabit in the same contained environment, is an easily accessible and informative model toward understanding such interactions. This study provides the first in-depth characterization of gill and skin microbiomes in co-cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and grey mullet (Mugil capito) in semi-intensive pond systems in Egypt using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing. Results showed that the microbiome composition of the external surfaces of both species and pond water was dominated by the following bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, Firmicutes, Planctomycetota, Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota. However, water microbial communities had the highest abundance and richness and significantly diverged from the external microbiome of both species; thus, the external autochthonous communities are not a passive reflection of their allochthonous communities. The autochthonous bacterial communities of the skin were distinct from those of the gill in both species, indicating that the external microbiome is likely organ specific. However, gill autochthonous communities were clearly species specific, whereas skin communities showed higher commonalities between both species. Core microbiome analysis identified the presence of shared core taxa between both species and pond water in addition to organ-specific taxa within and between the core community of each species. These core taxa included possibly beneficial genera such as Uncultured Pirellulaceae, Exiguobacterium, and Cetobacterium and opportunistic potential pathogens such as Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Vibrio. This study provides the first in-depth mapping of bacterial communities in this semi-intensive system that in turn provides a foundation for further studies toward enhancing the health and welfare of these cultured fish and ensuring sustainability.

Relationships between pond water and tilapia skin microbiomes in aquaculture ponds in Malawi

Intensification of fish farming practices is being driven by the demand for increased food production to support a rapidly growing global human population, particularly in lower-middle income countries. Intensification of production, however, increases the risk of disease outbreaks and thus likelihood for crop losses. The microbial communities that colonise the skin mucosal surface of fish are poorly understood, but are important in maintaining fish health and resistance against disease. This skin microbial community is susceptible to disruption through stressors associated with transport, handling and the environment of intensive practices, and this risks the propagation of disease-causing pathogens. In this study, we characterised the microbial assemblages found on tilapia skin — the most widely farmed finfish globally — and in the surrounding water of seven earthen aquaculture ponds from two pond systems in distinct geographic regions in Malawi. Metabarcoding approaches were used to sequence the prokaryotic and microeukaryotic communities. We found 92% of prokaryotic amplicon sequence variants were common to both skin and water samples. Differentially enriched and core taxa, however, differed between the skin and water samples. In tilapia skin, Cetobacterium, Paucibacter, Pseudomonas and Comamonadaceae were enriched, whereas, the cyanobacteria Cyanobium, Microcystis and/or Synechocystis, and the diatom Cyclotella, were most prevalent in pond water. Ponds that clustered together according to their water prokaryotic communities also had similar microeukaryotic communities indicating strong environmental influences on prokaryotic and microeukaryotic community structures. While strong site-specific clustering was observed in pond water, the grouping of tilapia skin prokaryotes by pond site was less distinct, suggesting fish microbiota have a greater buffering capacity against environmental influences. The characterised diversity, structure and variance of microbial communities associated with tilapia culture in Malawi provides the baseline for studies on how future intensification practices may lead to microbial dysbiosis and disease onset.HighlightsTilapia skin communities vary in different ponds but share some common taxaPond sites have a stronger influence on water microbiome community structure than in fish skinSelected skin-associated taxa could be used to monitor dysbiotic eventsThe fish skin microeukaryotic community is complex and poorly characterised

BRIEF STUDY OF THE FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF ALGAE IN PURIFICATION FACILITIES AND ON THE REGULARITIES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

The hydrochemical composition of pond water, which plays a major role in the development and formation of algae flora, has been clarified, as a result, it has been established that pollution of ponds with organic, mineral and toxigenic substances increases from municipal, industrial effluents. Due to this, the species composition of water changes. Ecological and sanitary assessment of biological ponds based on the species composition of algae is given. Comparative analyzes of the algoflora of biological ponds of the purification facilities of Bukhara with the analogous flora of the ponds of Uzbekistan and a detailed study of the algae flora of biological ponds of the purification facilities of Bukhara are given.

A Novel Optimized Formulation for Cooling Tower Effluent Disinfection: Tarasht Power Plant Case Study

Since the operating conditions of the cooling tower units provide such a suitable environment for the growth of bacteria and algae, taking measures for the disinfection process is strongly recommended. The cooling tower unit is proceeded by RO and the disinfection strategy is sodium hypochlorite, combined with this new formulation. The sampling result revealed that bacteria counts from the effluent of the cooling tower are 2600 CFU/ml while the microbial load of the water in the pond is 220 CFU/ml. Herein, two type formulations are introduced for cooling tower output stream while the pond water comes along with a NaOCl injection. The dosage of A: Glucose Oxidase, B: ammonium persulfate, and C: Amoxicillin, and D: the order of use are chosen as the four independent variables whose effects and their binary interactions on microbial load and disinfection efficiency were investigated via Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The ANOVA results show that the most significant variable is amoxicillin in the presence of bleach. Meanwhile, high values for R2 > 0.99 and the model F-value 45.64 in addition to diagnostic tests confirmed the reliability of the model. Several solutions have been introduced as optimum formulations. The pre-scale up and economic considerations have been included.

Investigative Study on the Bacteriological, Physical and Chemical Profiles of Aquaculture Waters: Insights Into Health Hazards for Fish and Human

Bacteriological and physic-chemical analysis of fish pond water is very important in aquaculture as this gives insights into likely threats to aquaculture and associated personnels. Bacteriological and physico-chemical profiles of selected fish ponds in the Ilorin West area of Kwara State, Nigeria were investigated to evaluate the water quality of rearing enclosures. Physico-chemical analyses revealed quality parameters were within the recommended range for aquaculture. Following bacteriological analyses of static water pond culture, the TVC and TCC showed temporal variations with concentration increasing with sampling time. However, the FCC showed fluctuation. Totally, 8 bacteria groups were isolated from both rearing enclosures. Of these, Gram negative bacteria showed dominance. In which 5 Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Serratia spp, Enterobacter spp and Pseudomonas spp) and 3 Gram positive (Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, and Bacillus spp) were encountered. Estimates of bacteria occurrence in both rearing facilities respectively gave: Staphylococcus spp (20%), Streptococcus spp (12%) Proteus spp (8%) Enterobacter spp (20%) Serratia spp (16%), Bacillus spp (9%), Escherichia coli (8%), Pseudomonas spp (7%) from earthen pond water sampled. While Staphylococcus spp (18%), Streptococcus spp (16%), Proteus spp (8%), Enterobacter spp (22%), Serratia spp (8%), Bacillus spp (15%), Escherichia coli (8%), Pseudomonas spp (6%) from concrete water sampled. Conclusively, although there is the presence of bacteria groups of public health concern, the static water exchange provides benefits of natural processing of wastes and restoration of the pond ecosystem. Notably, the presence of Escherichia coli gives indication of presence of pathogenic organisms of enteric origin. The presence of these organisms has been associated with a lack of tentative pond management and effective biosecurity procedures. One recommendation to this culture system (static water aquaculture) is the consideration of adaptation of concepts in biomimicry or biofloc technology which operates on similar principles.

Tapered coated coreless optical fiber pollution sensor

This project is centered on the design and implementation of a pollution-sensitive optical fiber using a No core optical fiber. The sensors are used for estimating refractive indices and concentrations of various contaminated water (dirty pond water (contains mud and animal excrement), chemically contaminated water, oiled water, drainage water is an environmental pollutant, Sodium chloride water and sucrose water) and distilled water (The refractive index was measured in the laboratory with an Abbe refractometer device) as well as for evaluating the performance parameters such as sensitivity (11.11μm/RIU for tapered sensor 10min and 11.13μm/RIU for tapered sensor 20min) and resolution (0.000069 RIU for tapered No core 10min and 0.000079 RIU for 20min tapered) of sensor (multimode fiber-no core fiber-multimode fiber), with 40 nm thick gold (Au) metal film of the exposed sensing region).