Vowel Quality and Direction of Stress Shift in a Predictive Model Explaining the Varying Impact of Misplaced Word Stress: Evidence From English

The use of suprasegmental cues to word stress occurs across many languages. Nevertheless, L1 English listeners' pay little attention to suprasegmental word stress cues and evidence shows that segmental cues are more important to L1 English listeners in how words are identified in speech. L1 English listeners assume strong syllables with full vowels mark the beginning of a new word, attempting alternative resegmentations only when this heuristic fails to identify a viable word string. English word stress errors have been shown to severely disrupt processing for both L1 and L2 listeners, but not all word stress errors are equally damaging. Vowel quality and direction of stress shift are thought to be predictors of the intelligibility of non-standard stress pronunciations—but most research so far on this topic has been limited to two-syllable words. The current study uses auditory lexical decision and delayed word identification tasks to test a hypothesized English Word Stress Error Gravity Hierarchy for words of two to five syllables. Results indicate that English word stress errors affect intelligibility most when they introduce concomitant vowel errors, an effect that is somewhat mediated by the direction of stress shift. As a consequence, the relative intelligibility impact of any particular lexical stress error can be predicted by the Hierarchy for both L1 and L2 English listeners. These findings have implications for L1 and L2 English pronunciation research and teaching. For research, our results demonstrate that varied findings about loss of intelligibility are connected to vowel quality changes of word stress errors and that these factors must be accounted for in intelligibility research. For teaching, the results indicate that not all word stress errors are equally important, and that only word stress errors that affect vowel quality should be prioritized.

Theoretical Error Analysis of the T-Stress for a Central Cracked Brazilian Disk Specimen

The central cracked Brazilian disk (CCBD) specimen is one of the most favored samples to measure the combined mode fracture resistance of brittle materials. The T-stress in this sample has a great influence on the experimental results, which are extensively used in fracture criteria for evaluating the fracture behavior of CCBD specimens for different materials. Due to the errors in geometric dimension and crack inclination angle for CCBD specimens, it becomes essential to conduct error analysis of T-stress. In this work, a closed-form expression of T-stress for a CCBD specimen under radial concentrated force was presented with weight function method. Based on this expression, two error transfer functions were also derived to study the T-stress error caused by the errors of crack length ratio and crack inclination angle. The theoretical analysis indicated that the relative error of T-stress increases with the increase of crack length ratio and crack inclination angle under the combined modes I and II. It was also found that the crack length ratio has a very little impact on the T-stress error for pure mode I loading. Furthermore, T-stress is more sensitive to the impact of crack length ratio than pure mode II stress intensity factor (SIF).

The Influence of Mesh Morphology on the Accuracy of FEM Analysis of Bar with a Ringed Notch under Tension

The paper undertakes the issue of the influence of mesh morphology near the notch on FEM anaysis accuracy. During analyses proposals of free meshes and proposals of mapped meshes have been compared. During the calculations it has been specified how, along with the change of finite element size, mesh quality parameters and stress error change. Selected parameters have been set with values of stress concentration factor. The accuracy of Kt calculations specified during FEM analysis has been compared to other methods.

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Analyze the Error of Residual Stress by Using Mathematical Statistics

X-ray diffraction analysis methods analyze the residual stress the same location for 50 times of 7050 aluminum alloy. And taking residual stress error for statistical analysis, through hypothesis testing and analysis of the residual stress error Square diagram, obtain X-ray diffraction the residual stress error of the 7050 aluminum alloy approximately obey normal distribution.

On the Influence of Random Wind Stress Errors on the Four-Dimensional, Midlatitude Ocean Inverse Problem

The effects of the parameterized wind stress error covariance function on the a priori error covariance of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) are examined. These effects are diagnosed by computing the projection of the a priori model state error covariance matrix to sea surface height (SSH). The sensitivities of the a priori error covariance to the wind stress curl error are inferred from the a priori SSH error covariance and are shown to differ between the subpolar and subtropical gyres because of different contributions from barotropic and baroclinic ocean dynamics. The spatial structure of the SSH error covariance due to the wind stress error indicates that the a priori model state error is determined indirectly by the wind stress curl error. The impact of this sensitivity on the solution of a four-dimensional inverse problem is inferred.