Study of the development trajectory of the status indicator in employment in the context of digital transformation

Changes in employment status and rising unemployment are global and driven by rapid technological progress. The coronavirus pandemic also played a huge role, increasing the unemployment rate by 2-4% in different economies. The most declining industries are arts, culture and recreation; spheres of education, law and social, communal and state services; trade. Today, the fragmentation of employment up to self-employment and the spread of various forms of precarious work are clearly visible, and there is an inverse relationship between the share of self-employed workers and the GDP of their countries: in 2018, Burundi had the highest level of self-employment in the world - almost 95%. Arab countries posted the lowest self-employment rates at 1.7%. The emergence of new professions and employment profiles opens up a number of opportunities for the unemployed and the self-employed.

A bibliometric approach to finding fields that co-evolved with information technology

Among the declining industries, for example music industry, some have been revived by information technology (IT). At the same time, in academic fields, some have expected co-evolutions between IT and other fields to cause the resurgence of either field. In this research, the clustering of citation networks with 14,438 academic papers resulted in the identification of 28 academic fields in the areas “Computer Science” or “Information Science and Library Science.” Co-evolutions between these 28 fields and citing fields to the 28 fields were evaluated by an investigation of contents; a methodology to search co-evolutions was also proposed. This paper proposes that pairs of academic fields (with both high correlation and high dissimilarity) co-evolve, and some co-evolving pairs of academic fields were found. This research contributes to the discovery of the co-evolution between academic fields.

Structural Transformation to Manufacturing and Services: What Role for Trade?

Understanding how and why economies structurally transform as they grow is crucial for making sound national policy decisions. Typically, analysts who study this issue focus on sectoral shares of gross domestic product and employment. This paper extends those studies to include exports, including exports of services. It also considers mining, in addition to agriculture and manufacturing, and recognizes that some of the products of these four sectors are nontradable. The section on theory presents a general equilibrium model that provides hypotheses about structural change in different types of economies as they grow. These are then tested econometrically with annual data for the period 1991–2014 for a sample of 117 countries. The results point to the futility of adopting protective policies aimed at slowing deagriculturalization and subsequent deindustrialization in terms of sectoral shares, since those trends inevitably will accompany economic growth. Fortuitously, governments now have more efficient and equitable ways of supporting adjustments needed by people who choose or are forced to leave declining industries.

Multiple Scotlands

To understand Scotland’s population histories it is frequently necessary to explore what was happening below Regional level. A database of Scottish civil parish populations from 1755 to 2001 is used to explore changes in population density and growth over time. Maps show density in 1801 and in 2001, decade population peaked in each parish, and growth from 1801 to 1851, 1851 to 1891, 1891 to 1951, and 1951 to 2000. Attention is drawn to some of the principal causes of change, including modifications to agrarian systems, fishing, new and declining industries, mining, on commuting to nearby major urban centres and oil-related development.

US border tax would fail to revive the ‘old economy’

Washington’s ‘America First’ symbolism is based on a political narrative of declining industries, not growth potential