The Cosine-Sine Functional Equation on Semigroups

The primary object of study is the “cosine-sine” functional equation f(xy) = f(x)g(y)+g(x)f(y)+h(x)h(y) for unknown functions f, g, h : S → ℂ, where S is a semigroup. The name refers to the fact that it contains both the sine and cosine addition laws. This equation has been solved on groups and on semigroups generated by their squares. Here we find the solutions on a larger class of semigroups and discuss the obstacles to finding a general solution for all semigroups. Examples are given to illustrate both the results and the obstacles. We also discuss the special case f(xy) = f(x)g(y) + g(x)f(y) − g(x)g(y) separately, since it has an independent direct solution on a general semigroup. We give the continuous solutions on topological semigroups for both equations.

Quasi-multipliers on topological semigroups and their Stone–Čech compactification

In this paper, we introduce and study the notion of quasi-multipliers on a semi-topological semigroup [Formula: see text]. The set of all quasi-multipliers on [Formula: see text] is denoted by [Formula: see text]. First, we study the problem of extension of quasi-multipliers on topological semigroups to its Stone–Čech compactification. Indeed, we prove if [Formula: see text] is a topological semigroup such that [Formula: see text] is pseudocompact, then [Formula: see text] can be regarded as a subset of [Formula: see text] Moreover, with an extra condition we describe [Formula: see text] as a quotient subsemigroup of [Formula: see text] Finally, we investigate quasi-multipliers on topological semigroups, its relationship with multipliers and give some concrete examples.

Commutative Topological Semigroups Embedded into Topological Abelian Groups

In this paper, we give conditions under which a commutative topological semigroup can be embedded algebraically and topologically into a compact topological Abelian group. We prove that every feebly compact regular first countable cancellative commutative topological semigroup with open shifts is a topological group, as well as every connected locally compact Hausdorff cancellative commutative topological monoid with open shifts. Finally, we use these results to give sufficient conditions on a commutative topological semigroup that guarantee it to have countable cellularity.

On inverse submonoids of the monoid of almost monotone injective co-finite partial selfmaps of positive integers

In this paper we study submonoids of the monoid $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ of almost monotone injective co-finite partial selfmaps of positive integers $\mathbb{N}$. Let $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ be a submonoid of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ which consists of cofinite monotone partial bijections of $\mathbb{N}$ and $\mathscr{C}_{\mathbb{N}}$ be a subsemigroup of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ which is generated by the partial shift $n\mapsto n+1$ and its inverse partial map. We show that every automorphism of a full inverse subsemigroup of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ which contains the semigroup $\mathscr{C}_{\mathbb{N}}$ is the identity map. We construct a submonoid $\mathbf{I}\mathbb{N}_{\infty}^{[\underline{1}]}$ of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ with the following property: if $S$ is an inverse submonoid of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ such that $S$ contains $\mathbf{I}\mathbb{N}_{\infty}^{[\underline{1}]}$ as a submonoid, then every non-identity congruence $\mathfrak{C}$ on $S$ is a group congruence. We show that if $S$ is an inverse submonoid of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ such that $S$ contains $\mathscr{C}_{\mathbb{N}}$ as a submonoid then $S$ is simple and the quotient semigroup $S/\mathfrak{C}_{\mathbf{mg}}$, where $\mathfrak{C}_{\mathbf{mg}}$ is the minimum group congruence on $S$, is isomorphic to the additive group of integers. Also, we study topologizations of inverse submonoids of $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\,\Rsh\!\!\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ which contain $\mathscr{C}_{\mathbb{N}}$ and embeddings of such semigroups into compact-like topological semigroups.