SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALT) ITS ROLE AND USE IN ANCIENT IRAQ

Mineral Salts are One of the Most important Non-Metallic Chemicals that were widely available in ancient Iraq, and due to its many Uses in life Matters and for industrial purposes, it was Allocated in the Study of a Type of these Salts, which is Sodium Chloride salt (Table Salt), as there were Several Types, including: - Calcium Sulfate Sodium Silicate, Sodium Carbonate and Potassium Nitrate Because of the Importance of Sodium Chloride (salt) in Ancient Iraq and the lack of Studies that Dealt with it, we Chose it as a Subject for our Study, and we Relied on Many Arab, Translated and Foreign Sources, the most important of which are: -Levy, Martin, 1980 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology, translated by: Al-Mayahi and others, Dar Al-Rashid. - Potts ,D.,1987,'' ON Salt and salting gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia ''(JESHO), vol.27‎.

The Interactions of Ancient Astral Science by David Brown with contributions by Jonathan BenDov, Harry Falk, Geoffrey Lloyd, Raymond Mercier, Antonio Panaino, Joachim Quack, Alexandra von Lieven, and Michio Yano

This book is an admirable attempt by its author, assisted by eight reputed colleagues, to present an overview of our present knowledge of astrology and astronomy as practiced in ancient Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Rome, India, China, and Japan, and of the possible interactions leading to borrowing and/or transmission of astral science between these cultures from ancient times onwards up to about ad 600. Reviewed by: Teije de Jong, Published Online (2021-08-31)Copyright © 2021 by Teije de JongThis open access publication is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (CC BY-NC-ND) Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/aestimatio/article/view/37719/28723 Corresponding Author: Teije de Jong, University of AmsterdamE-Mail: [email protected]

The Animated Temple and Its Agency in the Urban Life of the City in Ancient Mesopotamia Beate Pongratz-Leisten, NYU, ISAW

In ancient Mesopotamia, the functions of the temple were manifold. It could operate as an administrative center, as a center of learning, as a place of jurisdiction, as a center for healing, and as an economic institution, as indicated in both textual and archaeological sources. All these functions involved numerous and diverse personnel and generated interaction with the surrounding world, thereby turning the temple into the center of urban life. Because the temple fulfilled all these functions in addition to housing the divinity, it acquired agency in its own right. Thus, temple, city, and divinity could merge into concerted action. It is this aspect of the temple that lies at the center of the following considerations.

Potent kings and antisocial heroes: lion symbolism and elite masculinity in ancient Mesopotamia and Greece

In the great kingdoms of ancient Mesopotamia, the king’s power was often evoked by means of lion symbolism. This has led scholars to conclude that lion motifs, and especially that of the lion-slaying hero, in early Greek art and literature were cultural borrowings from the more populous and urbanised civilisations to the east. Yet it is also notable that the Greek tradition, at least from the time of the Homeric poems, tended to problematise the ethics of the leonine man. This article explores the function of lion imagery in narratives of elite masculinity in western Asia and early Greece respectively. It will argue that Greek myth and epic reflect on and problematise any potential equation between lions and kingly prestige, power and masculinity, instead drawing attention to the savagery and social isolation of the lion-like man-of-power, and his difficulty in conforming to the expectations of civilised society.

ZIGGURATS OF BABYLON AND ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

The features of the structure of ziggurats, assumptions about their purpose are con sidered, a comparative characteristic of ziggurats and pyramids is given.