scholarly journals SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALT) ITS ROLE AND USE IN ANCIENT IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
Shaymaa Issam Alawi ALBALDAWI ◽  
Faten Hameed Qasim AL SARRAJI
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Chemical Technology ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia

Mineral Salts are One of the Most important Non-Metallic Chemicals that were widely available in ancient Iraq, and due to its many Uses in life Matters and for industrial purposes, it was Allocated in the Study of a Type of these Salts, which is Sodium Chloride salt (Table Salt), as there were Several Types, including: - Calcium Sulfate Sodium Silicate, Sodium Carbonate and Potassium Nitrate Because of the Importance of Sodium Chloride (salt) in Ancient Iraq and the lack of Studies that Dealt with it, we Chose it as a Subject for our Study, and we Relied on Many Arab, Translated and Foreign Sources, the most important of which are: -Levy, Martin, 1980 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology, translated by: Al-Mayahi and others, Dar Al-Rashid. - Potts ,D.,1987,'' ON Salt and salting gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia ''(JESHO), vol.27‎.

Sulphate and chloride salt efflorescences and their relationships with groundwaters and soils in Hungary

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géza Szendrei ◽  
T. Tóth ◽  
P. Kovács-Pálffy
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Mineral Associations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

The aim of the present study is a better understanding of the distribution and formation of salt efflorescences by mineralogical examination. Dominant sodium sulphate and sodium chloride surface efflorescences were selected for investigation. 24 samples were collected between 1999 and 2005 from 16 sites. The soil types were solonchak and meadow solonetz.Basic soil and groundwater analyses were performed according to the standard methods. Minerals were determined by X-ray diffractometry and SEM combined with microanalysis. The evaporation experiments were carried out in a Sanyo Versatile 350 HT environmental test chamber.It was concluded that common sulphate salts form rare and unique mineral associations on salt affected soils in Hungary.Comparing the groundwater compositions and the mineral associations of surface efflorescences or that of precipitated evaporites of groundwaters, the conclusion can be drawn that groundwater composition is reflected much better by the mineral association of experimentally precipitated evaporates of the groundwater than by the mineral associations of surface efflorescences. These differences suggest that the soil matrix may have an effect on the crystallization of minerals (e.g. gypsum, thenardite) in the efflorescences. The differences also suggest that in the surface efflorescences the precipitation process does not come to the end in all cases (minerals with high solubility are missing).Concerning the data on groundwater level depths in case of different (sodium carbonate versus sodium sulphate and sodium chloride) efflorescences, there is a tendency of declining groundwater table in the sequence of these soils. This difference can be explained by the difference (increase) in the solubility of various salt minerals.It was recognized that the change in the major component of surface efflorescenes in time (i.e. the sodium carbonate and sodium carbonate chloride versus sodium sulphate efflorescences before and after 1998) can be explained by the decline of the groundwater level and by the decreasing hydromorphic influence in the lowland area during the 19th and 20th century.Finally it can be stated that the presented research — which mainly focused on mineralogical aspects — has contributed to the earlier knowledge on surface salt efflorescences, which was based only on their chemical composition.

Effects of Variations in Sodium Chloride Concentrations on the Biodegradation of Heptane by Alcaligenes species

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Adetitun ◽  
◽  
Comfort I. Adesanya
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Saline Environment ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Conventional mineral salts medium (MSM) had been used for many years. A modification of the concentration of sodium chloride was attempted in this work to observe the effect or otherwise on microbial activities in reaction tubes. This study was undertaken to assess the biodegradation potentials of Alcaligenes species on heptane. Results showed the hydrocarbon degrading ability of Alcaligenes sp. under varying concentrations of sodium chloride salt for a period of sixteen (16) days at two to four days interval. Due to its rapid rate of multiplication, a steady increase in bacterial growth was observed during the experiment. Alcaligenes sp. showed appreciable growth on heptane with a reading of 6.5x108cfu/ml on Day 16. Also, the regeneration rate of Alcaligenes sp. was found to be rapid on heptane in the presence of 4M concentration of NaCl with a reading of 1.18x109cfu/ ml on Day 16. This study shows that increased sodium chloride concentration aids the utilization of heptane by Alcaligenes sp. Hence, Alcaligenes sp. is a promising isolate that can be used for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated sites in saline environment.

scholarly journals Sodium Carbonate is Saltier Than Sodium Chloride to Sodium-Depleted Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J St. John ◽  
Anya M McBrayer ◽  
Erin E Krauskopf
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate

On the chlorine metabolism of the body and the therapeutic value of gastric juice withdrawal

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-307
Author(s):  
N. N. Kovyazin ◽  
D. M. Asambaev ◽  
H. B. Raimova ◽  
O. K. Kurganova
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Chlorine Metabolism

Since the time of Voit, we know that for the balance of life, mineral salts, including table salt, are as necessary to the body as proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water. According to Magnus-Lev, the total amount of salt in an adult is 150.0 g., with a daily requirement of 6.0-8.0 g. The distribution of NaCl in various organs and tissues is uneven; most of it is contained in the blood and subcutaneous tissue. Salt fluctuations in organs and tissues normally occur within narrow limits.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Fronds with the Addition of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as an Activator

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Seri Maulina ◽  
Gewa Handika
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Palm Fronds

This paper aims to understand the difference in characteristics of activated carbon produced from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) through the addition of two different activators, namely sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl). To do this, activator concentration of 10 percent each with activation temperature of 600 oC were applied in the experiment. Moreover, to determine the quality of activated carbon produced, a morphological analysis of activated carbon surfaces as well as FTIR spectra analysis on activated carbon. Identification using FTIR spectrophotometer revealed that the activated carbon in this study contained functional groups of O-H, C = O, C = C, C-C, and C-H.

scholarly journals Alkali-activated slag cements produced with a blended sodium carbonate/sodium silicate activator

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Bernal ◽  
Rackel San Nicolas ◽  
Jannie S. J. van Deventer ◽  
John L. Provis
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Alkali Activated Slag ◽  
Activated Slag ◽  
Alkali Activated
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