Diversidade sexual e de gênero, Estado nacional e paisagens heterotópicas no Irã: Foucault e depois

<p>No final da década de 1970, o mundo acompanhou os acontecimentos revolucionários que levaram à destituição da monarquia e à instauração de uma república islâmica no Irã. Michel Foucault viu nesses acontecimentos, caracterizados pela “espiritualidade política”, um potencial crítico à modernidade ocidental. Trata-se aqui de produzir uma reflexão sobre o impacto dessa “espiritualidade política” na construção de um Estado nacional baseado em tecnologias de poder/saber geradoras de distopia e conformadoras de uma ideologia nacional teocrática preocupada com o controle dos corpos e a imposição da heteronormatividade. Será possível, assim, abordar os modos criativos de resistência ao regime de verdade vigente e de produção de formas de subjetivação alternativas, principalmente no que diz respeito às experiências da diversidade sexual e de gênero. Esses modos compõem paisagens heterotópicas que desafiam a distopia reinante, como sugerido por minha experiência etnográfica no Irã em fevereiro de 2019.</p><p> </p><p>Gender and Sexual Diversity, National State and Heterotopic Landscape: Foucault and Beyond</p><p>At the end of the 1970s, the world followed the revolutionary events that led to the end of the monarchy and the establishment of an Islamic republic in Iran. Michel Foucault saw these events, characterized by a “political spirituality”, as a potential critic of Western modernity. This study presents a reflection on the effect of this “political spirituality” in the construction of a national State based on technologies of power/knowledge that generate a dystopia and shape a national theocratic ideology concerned with the control of bodies and the imposition of heteronormativity. This article shows the original ways of resistance established to counter the regime of truth and to produce an alternative way of being, especially regarding the experiences of gender and sexual diversity. These ways compose a heterotopic landscape that challenge the reigning dystopia, as suggested by observations in Iran in February 2019.</p><p>Sexuality | State | Nation | Heterotopia | Iran</p>

Persinggungan Agama dan Politik dalam Teror: Menuju Terbentuknya Teologi Spiritualitas Politik dalam Konteks Maraknya Terorisme di Indonesia

This article tries to explore the theological model of political spirituality in the context of terrorism in Indonesia. This search is done using the literature study method. In the process, the authors found that each age has a pattern or model of theology of their respective political spirituality. But in the present, by elaborating on the results of literature studies and paying attention to the context of terrorism in Indonesia and the historical journey of theological view of political spirituality in the church, the author shows that we need to pay attention to the five foundations of political spirituality theology, namely to realize a secular faith, promote moral values and political mediation, love justice and peace, serve the public interest, rule through service and love. These five foundations are expected to respond to various terrorism in Indonesia.Abstrak. Artikel ini mencoba menelusuri model teologi spiritualitas politik dalam konteks maraknya terorisme di Indonesia. Penelusuran ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Dalam prosesnya, penulis menemukan bahwa setiap zaman memiliki corak atau model berteologi spiritualitas politiknya masing-masing. Namun pada masa sekarang, dengan mengelaborasi hasil studi pustaka dan memperhatikan konteks terorisme di Indonesia serta perjalanan sejarah pandang teologi spiritualitas politik di gereja, penulis menunjukkan kita perlu memperhatikan lima fondasi teologi spiritualitas politik yaitu mewujudkan iman yang sekular, mengusung nilai-nilai moral dan mediasi politik, mencintai keadilan dan perdamaian, mengabdi kepentingan umum, berkuasa melalui pelayanan dan kasih. Kelima fondasi ini diharapkan dapat menanggapi berbagai terorisme di Indonesia.

The place of the Iranian Revolution in the history of truth: Foucault on neoliberalism, spirituality and enlightenment

In this article I want to argue that Foucault’s engagement with the Iranian Revolution was neither romantic fascist atavism nor does it presage any sort of transformation of his thought. Indeed, Foucault’s investigations of neoliberalism and subsequent work on spirituality, truth-telling and ethics are fully continuous with his critical genealogy of power. This is an important point, as we shall see, insofar as Foucault’s journalism on the Iranian Revolution occurs in the midst of his Collège de France lectures on biopolitics and governmentality. Foucault’s enthusiasm for the Revolution might indicate, albeit very indirectly, directions for thought that might resist neoliberalism. I will argue that Foucault was engaged in a very specific telling of the ‘history of truth’, emphasizing a partisan and agonistic form of truth-telling and transformation through struggle and ordeal, as opposed to the pacifying, neutralizing and normalizing forms of modern Western power. The ‘political spirituality’ Foucault witnessed on the streets of Tehran was a reactivation of this agonism, and– I will claim – a literal embodiment of what Foucault calls the ‘ethos of critique’.