KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN DAN KOMPOSISI JENIS TANAMAN PENYUSUN AGROFORESTRY DI KECAMATAN SESEAN KABUPATEN TORAJA UTARA

Agroforestry system recently developed by the community to meet their needs. But many people’s don’t understand yet to select suitability plants on the agroforestry land. This study aims to determine the land characteristics and components of agroforestry in District Sesean, Toraja District. This research caried out in the way comparethe requireiment of plants and charactristic at land. Plants in research location are robusta coffee, cocoa, banana, mangosteen, buangin (pine mountain), aren, bamboo betung, and uru. The result of research indicated land suitability of plants are moderately suitable (S2) to marginal suitable (S3). Limitation factors that limit plant growth is predominantly rainfall and also temperature, but both of these limiting factors are difficult and can not be repaired. Keywords :Agroforestry, Land characteristics, Plants

Relict pine forests with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in the Zhiguli Mountains (the Middle Volga Region)

The pine mountain forest with bearberry is a rare, relict and endangered phytocoenosis in the Middle Volga (Samara Region; Stavropol District). At present, they are distributed in a limited way and only in the area of the Zhigulevsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after I.I. Sprygin. On this territory, geobotanical relevs of plots with bearberry were performed. The ecological-phytocenotic and floristic characteristics of the phytocenosis from the position of Braun-Blanquet are given. Ecotopes are located on slopes of different steepness of the western and north-western exposure. The plant community forms several layers. The species composition is not rich. The dominant species are Pinus cretacea Kalen., Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Carex pediformis C.A. Mey., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Rhaponticoides ruthenica (Lam.) M.V. Agab. et Greuter, Asperula tinctoria L. Rare species: Arctostaphilos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Astragalus zingeri Korsh., Euphorbia zhiguliensis (Prokh.) Prokh., Gypsophila juzepczukii Ikonn., Helianthemum nummularium Mill., Koeleria sclerophylla P.A. Smirn., Pulsatilla patens Mill., Thymus zheguliensis Klokov et Des.-Shost., that are listed in the Red Book of the Samara Region. In recent years, pine forests with bearberry have suffered greatly from fires and are in the stage of degradation. The uniqueness and relict nature of the bearberry phytocenoses in the Zhiguli Mountains requires their preservation.

The Mountain Line, the Gilgal Church Line, and the Mud Creek Line

Terrain and effective Confederate fortifications continued to slow Federal operations during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of June between the Etowah River and the Chattahoochee River. Johnston’s engineers sited three lines of trenches blocking Sherman’s advance. The Mountain Line encompassed Lost Mountain, Pine Mountain, and Brush Mountain but was too extended for the number of his troops. Johnston contracted this position a bit to create the Gilgal Church Line but this position had a sharp angle which was vulnerable to Union artillery fire. He then contracted once again, bringing his left wing back to Mud Creek. But the position still had a sharp angle in the center of the line, so Johnston planned to fall back to Kennesaw Mountain. The Federals dealt with all three lines by closing in, intensely skirmishing, and opening enfilading artillery fire on the angle to compel their enemy to creep back. They employed something like siege approaches to accomplish this slow advance.