First Bull Run/Manassas

This chapter examines the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the First Battle of Manassas, and argues that the Civil War’s first battle represented the last battle of antebellum military cultures of free and slave states. Before the Civil War, Americans refused to maintain a large U.S. Army. In the antebellum era, states organized local militia units based on their perception of internal and external threats; fear of slave revolt prompted slave states to maintain larger, more effective units, particularly cavalry units. Troopers who manned cavalry militia also staffed the slave patrols that brutally enforced the slave regime. In contrast, free states had no such fears, and their militias were moribund before the Civil War. When war came, slave states’ superior military capability led to Confederate victory at Bull Run/Manassas. Later, volunteer units from the free states achieved a level of competency that overcame this initial disadvantage.

Military Veteran Employment

Companies that can hire and retain military veterans will have a strong competitive advantage over their competitors that lack this capability. This book will help business leaders obtain that advantage. The chapters in this book draw from the research and findings from Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychology and Human Resources (HR) research to describe how to find, communicate with, recruit, develop, lead, and retain military veterans and their family members as civilian employees. Unlike other books on this topic that lack evidence-based content, this book draws upon science, research, and best practices to provide guidance organizations can implement to drive their success. Topics in this book include sourcing, communications, and recruiting military veterans and their spouses; reviewing résumés to extract cross-corporate competencies; branding your organization to successfully appeal to this population; understanding and challenging your misconceptions of the military and doing the same with veterans’ misperceptions of civilian employment; addressing culture mismatches between civilian and military cultures and improving cultural communication and understanding; improving person-job-organization fit for veterans and military family members to retain them in their jobs; providing culturally sensitive mentoring and leadership; understanding the training veterans receive and their personality traits and culture—and how these can benefit your organization; hiring and retaining wounded warriors and veterans with disabilities; creating and utilizing veteran mentoring programs and affinity groups; providing effective supervision for veteran employees; supporting National Guardsmen and Reservists working as civilian employees, and retaining these employees to gain a further competitive advantage for your organization.

Experiences May Vary: NATO and Cultural Interoperability in Afghanistan

This article examines the coherence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) coordinated military strategy during the war in Afghanistan. We argue that much of this coherence can be lost when decision makers adopt multinational strategic guidance that is then interpreted by different national contingents operationally. Different strategic and military cultures across troop-contributing countries may account for observed variation in operational outcomes, but better theoretical tools are needed to examine this phenomenon. Our aim is to further scholars’ understanding of how cultural variables can affect mission outcomes. This assumed effect of strategic and military cultures is explored empirically with reference to the Canadian and German Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan, which formed part of the NATO-led ISAF operation.

SEX, GENDER, AND ROMANTIC INTIMACY IN SERVICEMEN'S LETTERS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

This article explores sex and romance as under-examined aspects of wartime masculinities through a focus on letters from servicemen recipients of woollen ‘comforts’ to girls and women who knitted for them during the Second World War. It examines the tension between the cultural ideal of ‘temperate heroism’ that formed the hegemonic masculinity during the Second World War and evidence of predatory male sexuality and sexual violence, both in combat and on the home front. Servicemen's letters to anonymous knitters reveal many aspects of their emotional lives, including the widespread deployment of romance as a mechanism for maintaining morale. They also reveal that some men were able to manipulate their image as ‘heroes’ and make use of the comforts fund as a vehicle for engaging in sexually explicit correspondence and transgressive and deviant behaviours. A foregrounding of romance and sexuality suggests that we need to look again at arguments relating to the contiguity between military cultures and middle- and working-class civilian codes of respectable masculinity and male heterosexual expression. The article further engages with critiques in the history of masculinity of the neglect of working-class masculinities and the tendency to focus on cultural scripts about masculinity rather than what men actually did or felt.