The Civil War in Arkansas, 1862

The Civil War in Arkansas in 1862 saw only two major battles, at Pea Pidge (or Elkhorn Tavern) and Prairie Grove, both of which were substantial Union victories. But of at least equal importance, the war in this sparsely populated, largely rural and impoverished region was characterized by deep and bitter divisions in loyalties of the states’ citizens, the marked indifference of the administration of Confederate Pres. Jefferson Davis in Richmond, and a notable lack of effective leadership and cooperation among the various Confederate generals. The result was the loss of the state to the Southern cause and the onset of brutal partisan warfare behind the lines between secessionist and Unionist neighbors.

The abduction of General Kreipe in Crete: bloodless or bloody?

This article examines the German reaction to the abduction by the SOE (Special Operations Executive) of General Kreipe in Crete in May 1944 and questions whether the operation should have been launched. Observance of the Laws and Customs of War as defined at the time had been compromised by SOE's charter from the outset, and the reaction of the occupying powers – Germany and Italy – to partisan warfare evolved accordingly. The article concludes by highlighting the legal findings of the American Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg trial of the ‘Balkan Generals’ and contrasts them with the Athens trial of Generals Müller and Bräuer.

Organizacja, struktury i udział w walkach regimentu piechoty Bogusława i Jana Leszczyńskich w latach 1658–1662

In the years 1655–1660, there were many military units operating in the territory of the proper Greater Poland. The reason for this was the invasion of the Kingdom of Sweden into the Republic of Poland, and the increased mobilization effort of the Polish army. Fighting against the invader took various forms, from regular army combat, through partisan warfare of the levy in mass to expeditions of the łans infantry. In 1658 the troops from Greater Poland were divided into two groups, one of which went on an expedition to Denmark and the other took part in the siege of Toruń. Boguslaw Leszczynski’s regiment, consisting of 5 companies, took part in the siege. It was a typical foreign levy infantry regiment, consisting of musketeer and pikemen rotas (military unit of the time consisting of 8–10 men). The only difference from other units of this type was the lack of the regimental staff and extensive company staffs. It consisted mainly of plebeians, and officer functions were performed by the nobility of both foreign and domestic origin.

So Sue Him

This chapter explores a diverse set of member lawsuits, spanning the “pocket veto,” three cases related to treaty changes/withdrawals, and a case on the Affordable Care Act that was settled recently. All of these cases highlight the way that conventional partisan warfare creeps into legal battles. The member-plaintiffs in these cases are attacking opposition presidents for institutional behaviors and constitutional interpretations that they appear to forgive in their own presidents. This partisan dynamic dilutes the power and potential significance of the claim. Moreover, if federal courts are being dragged into separation of powers questions just to expand the arena of partisan combat, there is no deep reset of systemic balance of power in the constitutional order. Congressional power should mean more than defending one's own party when in the minority or in the majority under conditions of divided government.