The conclusion draws on the analysis in previous chapters to address some theoretical questions about nation-state formation and communal diversity. What was the role of religion in the formation of individual and collective identity, and to what extent was loyalty to one’s faith also a function of the institutional framework that supported it? To what extent did the institutional framework for administering the Muslim population of Greece—which became a template in other Eastern Orthodox Balkan states—succeeded in protecting the Muslims’ cultural uniqueness from assimilation? How did this framework frame Muslim relations with the Greek state, ethnic Greeks, and other ethnic and religious groups in the country? Given that it has been often suggested that aspects of sharia be adopted by European states with Muslim migrants in order to secure fair and equal treatment for them by the states, what lessons can we draw from the Greek case?