REGULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONALITY PRINCIPLES FOR RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT ABOARD

Sexual violence is an unwanted sexual behavior, such as a request to have sexual intercourse and other sexual behaviors by verbal and physical violence. The problem in this study is how is the legal regulation of rape and sexual assault in Indonesia? and How is the implementation of active national principles for rape and sexual assault crimes that occur abroad? The research method used in this research is normative research method, by examining legal problems using existing literature materials. This study will analyze the legal arrangements for perpetrators of rape and sexual assault crimes to the implementation of the principle of nationality for perpetrators of rape and sexual assaultcrimes that occur abroad. The conclusion in this study is that there needs to be an expansion in the Draft KUHP in regulating criminal acts of immorality, especially rapes committed similarly, both carried out by men and women and the application of the principle of personality both active and passive can be given by the state if the crime is related to the interests of the state, and the existence of bilateral agreements between the two countries so that legal diplomacy can run smoothly until it gets the best way out.

“At Your Service”: Sexual Harassment of Female Bartenders and Its Acceptance As “Norm” in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

Notwithstanding the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in the bar and restaurant industry, limited attention has been paid to empirically examining the dynamics of sexual crimes committed in the industry. To address this, a qualitative study was conducted with female bartenders in drinking bars within Lagos metropolis to explore the nature and patterns of sexual harassments they experienced, as well as their response, coping measures and bar management’s positions. Forty-seven interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the narratives was carried out. Findings indicated that participants experienced a variety of unwanted sexual behavior from customers, coworkers and managers, including verbal expressions, signs, gestures and physical harassment that are sexual in nature. Although sexual harassment is ubiquitous, there was appreciable recognition of it as being undesirable and problematic with feelings of anger, fear, humiliation, shame, guilt, violation, powerlessness and loss of control. Participants hinged their vulnerability to being harassed on gender inequality, discrimination, feminization of poverty and sexual objectification of women in Nigerian society. These findings have important practical and policy implications if the sexual maltreatments of working women in Nigeria, especially in the low-income earning occupations, are to be acknowledged and addressed.

Male and Female Sexual Victimization in Dating Relationships: Gender Differences in Coercion Techniques and Outcomes

Previous research on dating sexual coercion defines females as victims and males as perpetrators. This study expands on a trend to include male victims of sexual coercion in order to contrast their experiences with female victims. Results from 422 Midwestern, college students reveal a phenomenal amount of sexual coercion is occurring. Although women report more victimization, both males and females in the study reported coercion resulting in sexual behaviors ranging from kissing to intercourse. Coercive tactics targeted in this study included: intoxication, blackmail, lies, false promises, guilt, threats to end the relationship, persistent touching, being held down, detainment, threat of physical force, use of force, and use of a weapon. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that women were more likely to experience unwanted sexual behavior when the following coercive tactics were used: detainment, persistent touching, lies, and being held down. Men were more likely to report unwanted sexual behavior ranging from kissing to intercourse when female dates used blackmail or a weapon. Low frequency of the weapon item renders this finding less significant. Chi-square results reveal a pattern of coercing women into more extreme behaviors, such as intercourse, while men report coercion ending in milder sexual behaviors, such as unwanted kissing or touching.