Colonial Legacy in Algerian–French Relations

The colonial period in Algeria was a time of suffering and struggle for Algerians who fought to win back their freedom and defend their values against French attempts to subjugate them. It was also a struggle to end foreign control over the country’s wealth and resources. National independence sought a sovereign state with free decision-making, away from French influence in particular, in a context of ideological polarization and mutual hostility between ex-colonial forces and independent states. The root of such hostility lies in what both parties lost, and resulted in a distinctive pattern of French–Algerian bilateral relations tainted by nostalgia from the French side and the struggle for parity from the Algerian side. The three decades following Algeria’s independence witnessed, to a certain extent, a national sentiment opposed to colonial France, and it is the sentiment that Algerian politicians attempted to use to manage relations between the two countries and obtain some benefits by invoking the past in speeches at a local level, and to overcome that past in building relations with France. As a security crisis and economic decline hit Algeria, it became apparent that the French regime was to exert effective influence on the country and control its foreign policy to meet French aspirations and ambitions in both Africa and the Arab world. This conclusion suggested to several observers the fall of the Algerian elite, responsible for decision-making, under French influence. Moreover, this elite group, while dealing with several regional issues, was not able to assert complete independence in its decision-making regarding foreign affairs, whether due to its past and formation or to the network of new relations built between the Algerian and French systems. This reality, which is deeply rooted in the Algerian foreign policy system, raises the question of the ability of the Algerian elite to pull away from its colonial inheritance and the grip of the French regime. One might therefore wonder how historical events and Algerian solid ties with the French administration shape French–Algerian relations and their political agendas.

St. Louis and the Wider World

This conclusion summarizes the history of early St. Louis, tracing its emergence as the most thoroughly French community in the Mississippi River valley to the time when the French empire in North America collapsed. It shows that Indians of various nations (especially Illinois, Osages, and Missouris, but also Sioux and Iowas) and languages (Algonquian and Siouan) passed through the village on a regular basis. Numerous Indian and black slaves resided in the village and influenced daily life in St. Louis. Creoles were a distinct minority within the village's population, and this condition persisted in the village throughout the French regime. The evolution of building practices and architecture in St. Louis offers a glimpse into the process of creolization in the community. This conclusion also considers how, during the French regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, St. Louis established itself as the most important commercial entrepôt of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Finally, it describes St. Louis's participation in trade and commerce, including fur and slave trades, in the broad Atlantic world.

Public Slavery, Racial Formation, and the Struggle over Honor in French New Orleans, 1718-1769

In New Orleans throughout the French Regime (1718-1769), ruling authorities did not only shape the slave system through the way they exercised their political and administrative prerogatives and functions, but were directly involved as slaveholders. Public slavery facilitated the emergence of New Orleans and Lower Louisiana society as a slave society, and was not necessarily incompatible with racial prejudice and discrimination. On the contrary, it fueled the construction of race. At the same time, it made visible the fact that honor did not only define the boundary between the free and the non-free and the identity of the white population.