Overcoming Orientalism

The term “Orientalism” reduces Islam and Muslims to stereotypes of ignorance and violence, in need of foreign control. In scholarly discourse, it has been used to rationalize Europe’s colonial domination of most of the Muslim world and continued American-led interventions in the postcolonial period. In the past thirty years it has been represented by claims that a monolithic Islam and equally monolithic West are distinct civilizations, sharing nothing in common and, indeed, involved in an inevitable “clash” from which only one can emerge the victory. Most recently, it has appeared in alt-right rhetoric. Anti-Muslim sentiment, measured in public opinion polls, hate crime statistics, and legislation, is reaching record levels. Since John Esposito published his first book nearly forty years ago, he has been guiding readers beyond such politically charged stereotypes. This Festschrift highlights the contributions of scholars from a variety of disciplines who, like—and often inspired by—John Esposito, recognize the misleading and politically dangerous nature of Orientalist polarizations. They present Islam as a multifaceted and dynamic tradition embraced by communities in globally interconnected but substantially diverse contexts over the centuries. The contributors follow Esposito’s lead, stressing the profound commonalities among religions and replacing Orientalist discourse with holistic analyses of the complex historical phenomena that affect developments in all societies. In addition to chapters focusing on diversity among Muslims and interfaith relations, this collection includes chapters assessing the secular bias at the root of Orientalist scholarship, and contemporary iterations of Orientalism in the form of Islamophobia.

Etnisten vähemmistönuorten kokemukset virallisesta kontrollista ja leimasta

Vaikka luottamus poliisiin on Suomessa korkeaa, viime aikoina keskustelua on herättänyt etninen profilointi, poliisin voimankäyttö ja Black Lives Matter -liike. Etnisten vähemmistöjen ja poliisin suhteet näyttäytyvät usein kielteisinä ja niissä on havaittu epäluottamusta, mutta aihetta ei ole tutkittu riittävästi Suomessa. Tässä artikkelissa tutkitaan, millaisia kokemuksia etnisillä vähemmistönuorilla on kohtaamisistaan poliisien ja yksityisen turvallisuusalan toimijoiden kanssa. Artikkelissa tutkitaan myös sitä, miten nuoret ovat kokeneet tulleensa leimatuiksi näissä kohtaamisissa. Artikkeli hyödyntää kolmenkymmenen nuoren yksilö- ja ryhmähaastatteluaineistoa (N = 18), jota analysoidaan teemoittelun keinoin. Tutkimuksen osallistujat ovat syntyneet tai asuneet pitkään Suomessa. Silti he kokivat tulosten mukaan olevansa kontrollin alaisena arkielämässään. Nuoret tulkitsivat, että heidän oletettu maahanmuuttajataustansa tai etninen vähemmistötaustansa näyttäytyi poliisin, järjestyksenvalvojien ja vartijoiden näkökulmasta epäilyttävänä, potentiaalisena rikollisena tai häiriön aiheuttajana. Näitä tilanteita tuli esiin a) kontrollitoimijoiden etsiessä rikolliseksi epäiltyjä henkilöitä (leimaavat tuntomerkit), b) henkilöpapereita kysyttäessä Suomen kansalaisilta (oletettu ulkomaalaisvalvonta) ja c) yleisesti järjestyksenvalvonnassa. Tulosten mukaan epäily tuotti kielteistä kuvaa puuttumistoimista, leimaa ja toiseuden kokemusta. Leimautumista tapahtui näissä vuorovaikutustilanteissa, mutta nuoret myös vastustivat leimoja, esimerkiksi vältellessään tai kyseenalaistaessaan puuttumistoimia ja sanktioita. Artikkeli laajentaa ymmärrystä kriminologisesta leimaamisteoriasta ja kontrollin valikoivuudesta etnisten vähemmistönuorten näkökulmasta. Jatkuva epäilyn alaisena oleminen ja kontrollin kautta luotu rikollisen leima haastaa yhteiskuntaan kuulumista, identiteettiä ja luottamusta. Elsa Saarikkomäki: Experiences of official control and labelling amongst ethnic minority youths. Finland is characterised by the high levels of trust in the police. Recently though, discussions have been raised about ethnic profiling, and the use of force by the police, illustrated namely by the Black Lives Matter movement. Encounters between ethnic minorities and policing agents are often perceived as negative and lacking trust. However, these questions are not yet sufficiently studied. This article studies experiences of the police and private security officers among ethnic minority youths. Particularly, the analysis focuses on whether young people perceive the contacts as labelling and stigmatizing. The article is based on thematic analysis of 18 in-depth interviews (total 30 youths participated in individual and focus group interviews). Even if the study participants were born or lived in Finland for a long time, they experienced being common targets of policing due to their ethnic minority background or (assumed) immigrant background. These perceptions were based on situations where the policing agents looked for “suspects” (labelling attributes), or where the control agents asked for the identification card (assumed foreign control), as well as in general situations of maintaining law and order. The participants perceived these situations often as negative, labelling and they felt being treated as “others”. Yet, the participants also resisted stigma in different ways. The findings expand the criminological discussions of labelling and control biases from the viewpoints of ethnic minority youths. Furthermore, being often suspected and labelled as delinquent challenge belonging to society, identity and general trust. Keywords: ethnic profiling – criminological labeling theory – youth – police – private security sector

FOREIGN CONTROL PRACTICE AND PROBLEMS OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION AT NATIONAL ENTERPRISES

The article describes the essence of controlling and its necessity in modern conditions. The difference between it and control is shown. The coordinating tasks of the controller are highlighted. The system of controlling operational planning on the example of foreign concerns is considered. Business planning and implementation of the controlling system are described. The role of information support of the planning system is emphasized. Reflective factors of restraint of controlling introduction at the enterprises of food branch are reflected. Examples of effective application of this innovative tool at separate national enterprises are given. The starting possible ways of introduction of controlling at the confectionery enterprises are defined.

Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Eradication in Kenya

Tourism is widely recognised as a tool for poverty alleviation following its ability to create employment, entrepreneurial opportunities, and impact societies' social infrastructure positively. Countries, such as Kenya, have reaped from these benefits following evidence that the sector is the third-largest contributor to the economy following agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Using case studies of the Maasai community and the coastal regional tourism-based of the Bomas and Safaris, this chapter asserts the significance of tourism in poverty reduction among marginalised Kenyan communities. The concept, coupled with ecological sustainability, has opened up societies to share their cultures and tourist attractions for their own benefit. The opportunity cost of these advantages is a rise in local goods and neocolonialism tendencies characterised by dominant foreign control of the tourism sector and its gains, particularly at the coast. This situation is reversible by the adoption of community-based tourism, which ensures that tourism optimally benefits local communities.

National and Foreign-controlled Companies Operating in Development Activities in Czechia and Aspects of their Capital Structure Management

Research background: Entities operating in the field of development activities show significant specifics, including a high level of indebtedness. Given the nature of development projects, which are long-term, and their financial complexity, companies take, at the same time, high risks. Therefore, there is need of a high standard of financial management and risk management in this type of companies. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper was to provide information regarding return on equity and point out the risk factors of financial management. A partial aim of the conducted preliminary research was to identify and evaluate selected differences in financial management of national companies and foreign-controlled companies. Methods: The research was conducted as mixed research. It started with the undertaking of qualitative research focused on textual analysis of the text and collection of selected relevant quantitative data. For evaluation, we used INFA methodology, which links financial controlling and risk controlling indicators. The data under investigation were those related to the evaluation of return on equity in relation to risks taken. The indicators of the assets, self-financing ratio and debt ratio were assessed, including the assessment of the impact of these factors on return on equity and taken risks. Findings & Value added: The research provides new knowledge regarding the extent to which equity capital is used in the financial management of companies operating in the Czech Republic in development activities. The results indiciate that companies under foreign control and domestic companies show differences in financial structure and financial stability indicators, as well as in the effectiveness of using their capital.

Caratube International Oil Company LLP v. Republic of Kazakhstan

424Jurisdiction — Foreign investor — ICSID Convention, Article 25(2)(b) — Foreign nationality — Ownership or control — Investment — Economic contribution — Whether the scope of protection under the BIT for companies under foreign control fell within the outer limit of ICSID jurisdiction — Whether the national of another contracting State had made an investment — Whether establishing foreign ownership under the BIT was sufficient in light of the requirement for foreign control in the ICSID ConventionJurisdiction — Investment — Interpretation — “Every kind of investment” — Economic contribution — Origin of capital — Whether the definition of investment required an economic contribution by a foreign national — Whether origin of capital was relevant to the existence of an investmentJurisdiction — Investment — Interpretation — ICSID Convention, Article 25(1) — Whether the inherent meaning of investment under ICSID jurisprudence was relevant in determining ownership or control by a foreign national — Whether there was an economic arrangement requiring a contribution to make a profit and some degree of riskJurisdiction — Investment — Foreign nationality — Ownership or control — Evidence — Burden of proof — Adverse inferences — Whether the burden of proof can shift from the claimant to the State due to seizure of document — Whether adverse inferences may be drawn from the failure to produce documentsAnnulment — Failure to state reasons — Manifest excess of powers — Serious departure from a fundamental rule of procedure — ICSID Convention, Article 52(1) — Foreign nationality — Applicable law — Obiter dictum — Translation — Whether a tribunal’s misapplication of or failure to apply the applicable law justified annulment if its interpretation was reasonable or tenable — Whether reliance on an incorrect translation warranted annulment if the reasoning was incidental to the operative part of the award — Whether obiter dictum issued without hearing warranted annulment

The Gold-Exchange Standard and Imperial Competition in China, 1901–1905

This chapter examines the intellectual and policy debates among Qing officials about the dynasty's place in the world monetary system. It recounts the continued shift to the gold and gold-exchange standard in the late nineteenth century that occurred in the background of changing economic and political conditions. It also discusses the emergence of currency blocs tied to the pound, dollar, and yen, and the falling price of silver after the Boxer Indemnity in 1901. The chapter identifies figures in China that understood the gold-exchange standard's practical, economic, and symbolic meanings in different ways, such as Zhang Zhidong, who believed that adopting the gold-exchange standard would extend foreign control of Chinese finances. It covers the periodic financial panics, falling prices, and a general move to the gold and gold-exchange standards that defined the global political economy of the late nineteenth century.

Colonial Legacy in Algerian–French Relations

The colonial period in Algeria was a time of suffering and struggle for Algerians who fought to win back their freedom and defend their values against French attempts to subjugate them. It was also a struggle to end foreign control over the country’s wealth and resources. National independence sought a sovereign state with free decision-making, away from French influence in particular, in a context of ideological polarization and mutual hostility between ex-colonial forces and independent states. The root of such hostility lies in what both parties lost, and resulted in a distinctive pattern of French–Algerian bilateral relations tainted by nostalgia from the French side and the struggle for parity from the Algerian side. The three decades following Algeria’s independence witnessed, to a certain extent, a national sentiment opposed to colonial France, and it is the sentiment that Algerian politicians attempted to use to manage relations between the two countries and obtain some benefits by invoking the past in speeches at a local level, and to overcome that past in building relations with France. As a security crisis and economic decline hit Algeria, it became apparent that the French regime was to exert effective influence on the country and control its foreign policy to meet French aspirations and ambitions in both Africa and the Arab world. This conclusion suggested to several observers the fall of the Algerian elite, responsible for decision-making, under French influence. Moreover, this elite group, while dealing with several regional issues, was not able to assert complete independence in its decision-making regarding foreign affairs, whether due to its past and formation or to the network of new relations built between the Algerian and French systems. This reality, which is deeply rooted in the Algerian foreign policy system, raises the question of the ability of the Algerian elite to pull away from its colonial inheritance and the grip of the French regime. One might therefore wonder how historical events and Algerian solid ties with the French administration shape French–Algerian relations and their political agendas.

Foreign experience in the implementation of state financial control in the sphere of capital construction

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of state financial control in the construction sphere by foreign control and accounting bodies. The article describes the main identified problems, their solutions and mechanisms for improving the controlled area. Key innovative tools used by control bodies are also disclosed. In the prism of the structure of control and accounting bodies, the issues of improving organizational work to rise the effectiveness of control are investigated. According to the results of the analysis, the main directions for improving SFC in Russia are proposed.