Claims Behind Women's Liberation: دعاوى تحرير المرأة

The Study Aimed to Clarify the Claims of Women's Liberation and Also Dealt with Their Concept and Origin, and to Talk About the Most Prominent Advocates of Women's Freedom' And the Ideas and Belifs Advocated by The Advocates of Liberation and The Likes Raised Around Them. One of the Most Prominent Findings of the Study Is That Advocates of Women's Liberation Are A Secular Movement That Emerged At The Beginning of The Ninteenth Century In The Arab Countries Of Egypt, And The Balance Of Liberation Among Advocates Of Liberation Is That Women Liberate From The Command Of Our Lord And Disobey God Almighty.

Memory and Alterity in Zar: Religious Contact and Change in the Sudan

Drawing on long-term ethnographic research in the Blue Nile town of Sennar, supported by archival and historical documentation, this article explores the history of Zar spirit possession in Sudan, and the light this throws on the interplay of religions over the past 150 years. Life history data supports the argument that contemporary Zar is grounded in forms and rituals derived from the ranks of the ninteenth-century Ottoman army, and these remain the basis of ritual events, even as they accommodate ongoing changes in this part of Africa. Many of these changes are linked to the dynamic interplay of Zar with forms of Islam, on the one hand, and Christianity, on the other. In the former colonial periods, political power resided with the British, and Khawaja (European) Christian Zar spirits are remembered as far more important. Today that authority in Zar has shifted to spirits of foreign Muslims and local holy men, on the one hand, and to subaltern Blacks, on the other. These speak to concerns of new generations of adepts even as changes in the larger political and religious landscapes continue to transform the context of Zar.

Viewing Backwards: Egyptian Historical Television Dramas in the 1990s

The 1990s marked an important moment in Egyptian television, when the country turned its attention increasingly (although never monolithically) toward historical drama as a means of recreating and reinterpreting modern Egyptian history. Mahfouz Abd al-Rahman and Osama Anwar Okasha, in particular, scripted long multi-year series aired during Ramadan, the peak season for television viewing, that covered decades of the late ninteenth century and pre-Nasserist history, in many ways re-writing public history, and making historical drama—and history—fashionable. I focus here on the former and his first mega-hitBawabat al-Halawani (Halawani Gate). Biographical dramas, initially of artists, but later politicians, kings, and religious leaders would follow. As the Egyptian industry atrophied in the following decade these dramatists passed the mantle on to the Syrians, later the Turks, who broke the Egyptian monopoly and brought their own stories to the fore. But a rebirth may be in view.

Protection of Consumer Rights

At the end of Ninteenth century and beginning of Twentieth entry starts a movement with name consumerism. The consumerists' movement, (in domain of politics) is consumer protection which seeks to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards. Consumer protection as it is known today has its roots in the time of ancient civilizations. At the beginning of Twenty first century the consumer protection moves forward. EU is well known for ten fundamental principles of consumer protection. To become part of the European Union, Kosovo institutions are obliged to enact legislation and implement policies in accordance with EU standards. Regarding this has become a research haw is advanced legislation and institutions for consumer protection and what is the program for consumer protection. In the survey are included 150 respondents in 5 major centers of Kosovo. Collected data are processed in SPSS, and findings will be treated in this paper.