Abdalla Al-Nadeem, Pioneer of Patriotism and Civilization in the Modern Egyptian Thought

Abdullah Al-Nadim (1842-1896) is one of the most important intellectual and political figures in modern Egyptian history. He played a major role in all significant stages of the Egypt nineteenth century. He was called "the orator of the revolution." He left his mark on various aspects of Arab social, political, and cultural life and awareness. So now it is very important to study and analyze his intellectual legacy, especially in contemporary circumstances, in which we see the rise of the new barbarism of various primitive religious Salafism. Abdullah Al-Nadim was one of the fine examples of the free intellectual. He committed to issues of society, national Idea, freedom, and progress. This study aims to trace the emergence and development of political, social, and literary ideas of Abdullah Al-Nadim. In their outcome, these ideas were the outcome of the Egyptian social, political, and national struggle against Ottoman despotism and its ruined remnants in the historical existence at that time. In his research and positions, critical and satirical ideas, precise clarity, depth, and loyalty to the truth and the nation's supreme interests are united. His creativity was a model for critical vision and mockery of the remnants of a collapsing world. He sought in all his works for alternatives to development and social progress, calling for modern civilization and freedom. His defense of women, their rights, and freedom was among the most dramatic at that time. Abdullah Al-Nadim sacrificed himself for these endeavors and goals. But at the same time, he revealed the possibility of synthesizing the poetic spirit and truth in theoretical and practical creativity. They are the issues and aspects that form the focus of this research.

THE STUDY OF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MUMMIES OF EGYPTIAN PHARAOHS FOUND IN EGYPTIAN ARCHEOLOGY

The man tried his level best in different ways to save himself for long in human history. Mummification is one of the ways to save human body forever. This is really a miracle of ancient world. Having less means and no technology, man invented the idea of mummification and saved the body for long. Thousands of mummies were found in different parts of the world. Especially, the mummies of ancient Egypt are unique. The Egyptians utilized the best method and materials in the mummification of the bodies. Many famous pharaohs` mummies were discovered by experts in excavation. These mummies also contribute for exploring the Egyptian history. The mummy of Mereneptah was found from the archaeological site and Allah preserved his body and made it a sign for the later generations. He was the Pharaoh who went back Hazarat Moses (PBUH) and fallen in the sea. Egyptians used to make the mummies of the animals which they consider their gods. Many mummies of animals were found in the ruins of the ancient Egypt.

Children’s Material Culture

This chapter explores the material culture of children in the Petrie collection, and what these items can reveal about children’s experience, agency, and concerns in the Roman and late Roman periods of Egypt. It considers informal spheres of everyday life for children: the family, peer relationships, play, and religion, asking how children themselves would have had some agency in shaping their perspectives of the world around them. The chapter considers the designed and functional properties of wooden and ceramic dolls, within a framework of dolls in earlier periods of Egyptian history and across the Roman world more broadly. It asks of these, and other objects of children’s cultures, how they held the capacity to be played and interacted with in a range of ways, individually or with peers, that were more nuanced than their designed use in socializing children in different social groups. The chapter examines ceramic boats, wooden pull-along horses, and animal figurines. The chapter also studies the commonplace figure of Harpokrates, the child-protector deity, as represented on small objects, and his familiarity with children.

Sport in Ancient Egypt and the Ancient Near East

Ancient Egypt and the Ancient Near East are new fields of sport history. From the beginning of Egyptian history Pharaoh displays his sportsmanship which is embodied in the dogma of kingship, including his run during the Jubilee Festival. He is an eternal victor acting as a perfect bow shooter at targets, helmsman of ships and trainer of horses. Only his very participation on a competition is taboo. Sources of wrestling, stick fencing and running are to be emphasized in the private sector. The Near Eastern ruler was also said to have showed high performance in sport. Shulgi ran 320 km in one day. There is the famous scene of wrestling into the epic of Gilgamesh between the hero and Enkidu. As to the Hittite civilization, there is to be mentioned the so called Book of Horse Training, which contains prescriptions for training for the condition and technique of chariot horses.

The Political Economy of Revolution: Karl Polanyi in Tahrir Square

The causes and consequences of revolutionary change have long been the subject of scholarly debate. Through a systematic integration of political economic elements into an analysis of contemporary social transformations, this article joins this conversation by asking how Karl Polanyi’s double movement framework can clarify, and be extended by, the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. By embedding a nuanced account of neoliberalism in Egypt’s modern politics and by bringing those in dialogue with Polanyi’s theoretical apparatus, this article contends that there is a broad alignment between the first movement and the Egyptian neoliberal experience, a partial alignment between the second movement and the Egyptian Revolution, and a multilayered entanglement that implicates and encircles both movements. Not only does this research demonstrate that contemporary Egyptian history can find new currency in and be further illuminated by Polanyi’s political economy, it also critiques, complicates, reconceptualizes and extends Polanyi’s theoretical framework. In so doing, it redresses the underfocus of Polanyian political economy on the theory of revolution in general and the Egyptian Revolution in particular, problematizes extant accounts on neoliberalism and the double movement, and extends analyses between neoliberalism and revolution in political economy literatures. By clarifying our understanding of contemporary social change, this essay underscores how Polanyi’s work remains a pertinent, viable and valuable prism to examine momentous social transformations.

3. History

‘History’ examines Egyptian history. The Narmer Palette and various other ‘protodynastic’ artefacts have long been regarded as lying at the interface of prehistory and history in ancient Egypt. Indeed, the palette was interpreted as a record of the first truly significant historical ‘event’ in Egyptian history: the military defeat of Lower Egypt (the delta region in the north) by the ruler of an expanding Upper Egyptian Kingdom. The interpretation of Predynastic palettes and mace-heads are useful to enable us to extract myth and history. There are numerous ways in which Egyptologists have set about creating a chronological framework for ancient Egypt, using a complex mixture of archaeological data, texts, and scientific dating methods.

The Life of Egyptian Extremists: A Comparison between Mohamed Atta and Shukri Mostafa

The investigation of extremism is likely to take a place after the occurrence of the occurrence. Few of the people that investigated the life of extremists understand how their life is completely influenced to shift them from ordinary citizens into extremists to cease the increase of extremism globally. Thus, this research examines the life of the most extremists in the Egyptian history, Shukri Mostafa and Mohamed Atta, by investigating their past, peers and family. Shukri and Atta are both Egyptians who fatefully believed in extremism approach to implement their own agenda based on Islamic perspectives. Hitherto, Shukri and Atta still have cohorts who consider their sacrifice as the best method of jihad, albeit the Islamic clerics grappled their ideologies. According to literature, the story of Shukri and Atta is vigorously intrigued for governments, politicians and researchers to augment in their accounts that extremists are currently well-educated and most of them belong to well-to-do families.

The Ancient Egyptian Testamentary Disposition

This contribution discusses the ancient Egyptian testamentary disposition document as an arrangement made prior to death. It discusses from a legal perspective different documents used for this purpose. The purpose of a testamentary disposition was to make decisions about one’s assets before death. An attempt is made to indicate that the testamentary disposition document was used from very early in ancient Egyptian history and different documents were used as a will by the testator/testatrix. The purpose of the testamentary disposition was, essentially, to alter the customary intestate succession law. The initial emphasis and connection with religion diminished as different documents were used to make provision prior to death of what was to become of one’s estate. Studying these different testamentary dispositions, we may learn more about testate succession law in ancient Egypt.