JUSTIFICATION OF OCCUPATION IN GERMAN (1938) AND RUSSIAN (2014) MEDIA: SUBSTITUTION OF AGGRESSOR AND VICTIM

The article is dedicated to the examination and comparison of the justification of occupation of a neighboring country in the German (1938) and Russian (2014) media. The objective of the study is to reveal the mechanics of the application of the classical manipulative method of substituting of aggressor and victim on the material of German and Russian propaganda in 1938 and in 2014 respectively. According to the results of the study, clear parallels between the two information strategies can be traced at the level of the condemnation of internal aggression against a national minority loyal to Berlin / Moscow and its political representative (the Sudeten Germans – the pro-Russian Ukrainians, as well as the security forces of the Yanukovych regime); the reflections on dangers that Czechoslovakia / Ukraine poses to itself and to its neighbors; condemnation of the violation of the cultural rights of the minority that the occupier intends to protect (German language and culture – Russian language and culture); the historical parallels designed to deepen the modern conflict, to show it as a long-standing and a natural one (“Hussites” – “Banderites”). In the manipulative strategy of both media, the main focus is not on factual fabrication, but on the bias selection of facts, due to which the reader should have an unambiguous understanding of who is the permanent aggressor in the conflict (Czechoslovakia, Czechs – Ukraine, Ukrainians), and who is the permanent victim (Germans – Russians, Russian speakers). The substitution of victim and aggressor in the media in both cases became one of the most important manipulative strategies designed to justify the German occupation of part of Czechoslovakia and the Russian occupation of part of Ukraine.

Eros a Thanatos — všudypřítomné a komplementární leitmotivy próz Jakuby Katalpy

Eros and Thanatos: Permanent and complementary leitmotifs of novels by Jakuba KatalpaThe article follows, at first in general terms, the depiction of the motive of death and dying in literature and culture, including the transformation of the attitude of man towards death in the context of time. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of the subject and mentions relevant professional literature. The study then examines the psychoanalytic concepts of Eros and Thanatos, the instincts of life and death that emerge from the prose of Jakuba Katalpa and make her work original. It also notes the concept of “female writing” and deconstructivism and reveals the specific artistic features of her novels. Among other things, it reflects on the post-war expulsion of the Sudeten Germans and its perception by the younger generation. Эрос и танатос — постоянные и взаимодополняющие лейтмотивы прозы Якубы КаталпыВ статье представлена специфика изображения темы смерти и умирания в литературе и культуре, в том числе показаны изменения отношения человека к смерти в современном мире. Подчеркивается междисциплинарный характер исследуемой темы и приводятся посвященные ей научные работы. Анализируются психоаналитические понятия „Эрос” и „Tанатос”, т. е. инстинкты жизни и смерти. Мотивы Эроса и Танатоса прослеживаются в прозе писательницы Якубы Каталпы, обращение к исследуемым мотивам придает оригинальное звучание ее произведениям. В статье также рассматриваются концепции деконструктивизма и женского творчества, анализируются специфические художественные особенности романов, написанных авторами-женщинами. Автор также обращается к проблеме депортации судетских немцев и восприятию этой проблемы молодым поколением.

Continuity and Extinction of Agricultural Land in the Sudetes - A Case Study in the Landscape of Highlands and Mountains

The Sudetenland has undergone a dramatic development in Czechia. Above all, the frontier regions of the then Czechoslovakia lost due to the decision on the displacement of the Sudeten Germans in 1945 almost 3 million native inhabitants, who left their settlement areas in several waves by 1947. This change affected up to 3 million hectares of agricultural land that became the state property. This had in many places eliminated the traditional way of farming and the disruption of ownership relations consequently led to the breaking of relations in the landscape. This case study focuses on the comparison of the development of the agricultural landscape of 4 selected cadastral areas on the border of Krkonoše and Jizera Mountains from the post-war period to the present. Selected areas of interest are pairs of comparable cadastres from areas affected by the displacement of the local German population and areas with a permanent population structure. This four sites covering a total area of 4052 ha were studied in Cool Landscape of Highlands and the Moderately Cold Landscape of Mountains. Historical and contemporary land-cover information was provided by aerial photographic images from 1953/1954 and aerial orto-photos from 1998 and 2015/2016. The results have shown that on all four of the areas there was a noticeable increase in forests on former agricultural land. However, the monitored areas differ in the continuity of agricultural land. Continuous agricultural land represents, in both areas affected by post-war displacement, approximately 55 % of the original agricultural land. Areas with a well-preserved population structure, on the other hand, show an overall continuity of agricultural land on about 71 % of the former area of agricultural land.