Pepelnica jagode

Pepelnica je zadnjih godina postala značajna bolest jagoda u Hrvatskoj. Uzročnik je fitopatogena gljiva Podosphaera aphanis, koje je prije bila poznata pod nazivom Sphaerotheca macularis f. fragariae. Za razliku do većine drugih pepelnica simptomi pepelnice na jagodama ne javljaju se prevenstveno u vidu pepeljaste prevlake, već više u vidu uvijanja listova i crvenila na naličju lista. Za suzbijanje se koriste kemijski erisficidi i biofungicidi. Od biofungicida to su bakteriofungicidi na bazi antagonističkih bakterija Bacillus amyloliquefaciens i Bacillus pumilus te mikofungicidi na bazi antagonističke mikoparazitske gljive Ampelomyces quisqualis.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera fusca on Coreopsis lanceolata in Italy

Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Asteraceae) is an ornamental species grown in parks and gardens and very much appreciated for its long-lasting flowering period. During the summer and fall of 2006, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on plants in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Both surfaces of leaves of the affected plants were covered with dense white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Mycelia and conidia also were observed on stems and flower calyxes. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, borne in short chains (5 to 6 conidia per chain) and measured 33 × 20 (27 to 35 × 17 to 22) μm. Conidiophores, 68 × 11 (62 to 76 × 10 to 12) μm, showed the foot cell measuring 50 × 11 (38 to 58 × 10 to 12) μm, followed by one shorter cell measuring 18 × 12 (13 to 19 × 12 to 13) μm. Fibrosin bodies were present. Chasmothecia were spherical and amber with a diameter of 99 (93 to 105) μm. Each chasmothecium contained one ascus with eight ascospores. On the basis of its morphology, the causal agent was determined to be a Podosphaera sp. (1). The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 531 bp obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Podosphaera fusca (3). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EF 442023. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy C. lanceolata plants. Three plants were inoculated. Three noninoculated plants served as the control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 20 to 28°C. Twelve days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on C. lanceolata in Italy. Species of Coreopsis were previously described as host to Erysiphe cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca macularis and Leveillula taurica and S. fusca (2,4). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun. A Monograph of the Erysiphaceae (Powdery Mildews). Cramer, Berlin, GDR, 1987. (3) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000 (4) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society. St Paul, MN, 1989.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis on Potentilla fruticosa in Italy

Potentilla fruticosa L. (bush cinquefoil), belonging to the family Rosaceae, is an ornamental plant used in parks and gardens. During the spring and summer of 2005, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed in several private gardens located near Biella (northern Italy). The adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves as well as the stems were covered with white mycelium. Buds and flowers also were affected. As disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and dehisced. Conidia formed in chains and were hyaline, ovoid, and measured 24.0 to 36.0 × 15.8 to 24.0 μm (average 30.1 × 20.0 μm). Fibrosin bodies were present. Chasmothecia were numerous, sphaerical, amber colored, and diameters ranged from 84.0 to 98.4 μm (average 90.4 μm). Each chasmothecium contained one ascus with eight ascospores. Ascospores measured 26.5 to 27.2 × 13.2 to 15.6 μm (average 26.8 × 14.0 μm). On the basis of its morphology, the causal agent was determined to be Podosphaera aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu var. aphanis U. Braun (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy P. fruticosa plants. Three plants were inoculated. Three noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained at temperatures ranging from 12 to 23°C. Ten days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on P. fruticosa in Italy. Erysiphe polygoni D.C. and Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.:Fr.) Lind were observed in the United States on P. fruticosa (2), while in Japan, the presence of S. aphanis var aphanis was reported (3). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000 (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1989. (3) S. Tanda et al. J. Agric. Sci. 39:258, 1995.

Reação de cultivares de morangueiro ao oídio sob condições de casa de vegetação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de dez cultivares de morangueiro ao oídio (Sphaerotheca macularis f.sp. fragariae). Plantas-matrizes foram transplantadas em bandejas de 72 células, contendo substrato autoclavado. Em seguida, bandejas com plantas de morangueiro severamente infestadas com oídio foram colocadas na casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se do delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições, contendo dez plantas. As parcelas foram constituídas de dez cultivares de morangueiro (Aromas, Bürkley, Camarosa, Campinas, Dover, Milsei-Tudla, Oso Grande, Santa Clara, Sweet Charlie e Vila Nova) e as subparcelas de três épocas de avaliação da severidade da doença nas três folhas mais novas totalmente expandidas (8ª, 10ª e 12ª semana após o transplantio das plantas-matrizes). Utilizou-se de uma escala de notas, onde 0; 1; 2 e 3 representaram, respectivamente, 0%, 1-25%, 26-50% e > 51% de área foliar coberta com estruturas do fungo. A severidade da doença diminuiu com a proximidade do verão, devido às maiores temperaturas médias diárias. Verificou-se alta variabilidade das cultivares quanto à reação ao oídio, sendo: 'Milsei-Tudla' altamente resistente; 'Camarosa', 'Aromas', 'Oso Grande', 'Sweet Charlie' e 'Campinas' medianamente resistentes; 'Dover' pouco resistente; e 'Bürkley', 'Vila Nova' e 'Santa Clara' altamente suscetíveis.

Relationship Among Concentrations of Sphaerotheca macularis Conidia in the Air, Environmental Conditions, and the Incidence of Powdery Mildew in Strawberry

Atmospheric concentrations of Sphaerotheca macularis conidia were monitored for 2 years on a strawberry crop in Huelva (southwestern Spain). The presence of airborne conidia was determined to assess the role of weather conditions on conidial release. The relationship between airborne conidia and incidence of powdery mildew on fruit was also studied. Concentrations of conidia were estimated with a Burkard volumetric spore sampler. The presence of conidia was related to temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, with a positive correlation for the first factor and a negative correlation with the other two. The presence of conidia in the air was positively correlated with disease incidence. A diurnal pattern of conidia release was observed.

Effects of Temperature and Water Vapor Pressure on Conidial Germination and Lesion Expansion of Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae

Conidial germination in vitro and foliar lesion expansion were studied for Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae. Detached strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) leaves were inoculated, then held in controlled environments of constant temperatures (4 to 36°C) and relative humidity (RH, 32 to 100%) representing the range of these variables observed under California commercial production conditions. Percent germination and lesion expansion rate were determined by destructive subsampling over time. Conidia germinated at all temperatures by 6 h and reached a maximum by 48 h, with the optimum near 20°C. Lesions were marked with the aid of a microscope and measured by computer-assisted image-analysis to determine expansion rate. Maximal rates occurred at 25°C. Several growth models were fit to the expansion rate data with high significance. Predicted optima from these models ranged from 22 to 27°C and/or 17 to 27 mm Hg VPwater@100%RH. Neither RH, partial vapor pressure of water (VPwater), nor vapor pressure deficit (VPD) correlated with lesion expansion rate, adding to studies minimizing the importance of RH and VPD as determinants of asexual phase powdery mildew growth other than specifically at spore germination.