Experimental evolution of immunological specificity

Memory and specificity are hallmarks of the adaptive immune system. Contrary to prior belief, innate immune systems can also provide forms of immune memory, such as immune priming in invertebrates and trained immunity in vertebrates. Immune priming can even be specific but differs remarkably in cellular and molecular functionality from the well-studied adaptive immune system of vertebrates. To date, it is unknown whether and how the level of specificity in immune priming can adapt during evolution in response to natural selection. We tested the evolution of priming specificity in an invertebrate model, the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Using controlled evolution experiments, we selected beetles for either specific or unspecific immune priming toward the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, Lactococcus lactis, and 4 strains of the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. After 14 generations of host selection, specificity of priming was not universally higher in the lines selected for specificity, but rather depended on the bacterium used for priming and challenge. The insect pathogen B. thuringiensis induced the strongest priming effect. Differences between the evolved populations were mirrored in the transcriptomic response, revealing involvement of immune, metabolic, and transcription-modifying genes. Finally, we demonstrate that the induction strength of a set of differentially expressed immune genes predicts the survival probability of the evolved lines upon infection. We conclude that high specificity of immune priming can evolve rapidly for certain bacteria, most likely due to changes in the regulation of immune genes.

General Treatment Principles in Alergies-Plastic Materials

The occurrence and evolution of the disease depend on the properties of the organism, the cortical inhibition prevents the development of anaphylactic shock in humans. In some people, the increased and altered sensitivity manifests itself in the form of idiosyncrasy. In idiosyncrasy, the reactivity of the organism is altered from different substances of antigenic nature These substances can be food (milk, strawberries, eggs) or drug substances (iodine, iodoform, bromine, etc.) (drug idiosyncrasy whose symptoms are not related to the specific pharmacodynamic properties of the substance), plastics (prostheses, babies�dummy, etc.). The allergic reaction can be divided into two successive stages: a first stage of allergy, characterized by the formation of allergic type antibodies, their spread and fixation on certain tissues, and the second stage, of antigen -antibody, which represents the reaction In both stages there are both phases of immunological specificity (antibody production, antigen binding to the antibody) as well as non-specific phases in which the allergen and the antibody behave banal, non-immune (enter the body, circulate) or participate in reactions without immunological specificity (histamine release, etc.) The allergy therapy will appropriately include both specific methods and non-specific methods. Specific methods are only two: stopping the allergen input (allergen deficiency) and specific desensitization.Material and Method: A sample of 183 patients was studied in the present study between 2013 and 2017 with suspicions of hypersensitivity to dental materials for local or general symptoms. Results and discussions: A more severe allergy can be manifested in the dental office, is caused by the local anesthetic. The dentist has several local anesthetics, and through a well-done questioning, he will decide which type of anesthesia is the one indicated. For these reasons, an allergic reaction to the anesthetic is less common, but its manifestations are rather severe if it does not intervene in time. Conclusions:Dental biomaterials, in addition to mechanical and chemical resistance, should not contain toxic diffusible elements in the general circulation, elements with allergic or carcinogenic potential.

Survey of Immunological Features of the Alpha-Like Proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae

ABSTRACTNearly allStreptococcus agalactiae(group B streptococcus [GBS]) strains express a protein which belongs to the so-called alpha-like proteins (Alps), of which Cα, Alp1, Alp2, Alp3, Rib, and Alp4 are known to occur in GBS. The Alps are chimeras which form mosaic structures on the GBS surface. Both N- and C-terminal stretches of the Alps possess immunogenic sites of dissimilar immunological specificity. In this review, we have compiled data dealing with the specificity of the N- and C-terminal immunogenic sites of the Alps. The majority of N-terminal sites show protein specificity while the C-terminal sites show broader cross-reactivity. Molecular serotyping has revealed that antibody-based serotyping has often resulted in erroneous Alp identification, due to persistence of cross-reacting antibodies in antisera for serotyping. Retrospectively, this could be expected on the basis of sequence analysis results. Some of the historical R proteins are in fact Alps. The data included in the review may provide a basis for decisions regarding techniques for the preparation of specific antisera for serotyping of GBS, for use in other approaches in GBS research, and for decision making in the context of GBS vaccine developments.