Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Token Economy Practices in K-5 Educational Settings, 2000 to 2019

Token economy systems have been widely used as an evidence-based classroom management strategy to reinforce and improve prosocial responses. While token economies have been widely applied to educational settings, there have been mixed results regarding the effectiveness depending on the classroom type. To better understand the components contributing to the effectiveness, the researchers analyzed 24 token economy studies conducted in general and special education classrooms from kindergarten to fifth grade between 2000 and 2019. Eight token economy components and effect sizes were identified for each study and compared across different classroom types. The results showed that the token economy intervention yielded large effect sizes for both general and special education classroom types. There were differences in the usage of token components including backup reinforcer types, token production rate, and exchange production rate based on classroom types. Implications for future research and practice for educators and clinicians are discussed.

A Chemical Analysis of Hybrid Economic Systems—Tokens and Money

With the influence of digital technology in our daily lives continuously growing, we investigate methods with the purpose of assessing the stability, sustainability, and design of systems of token economies that include tokens and conventional currencies. Based on a chemical approach, we model markets with a minimum number of variables and compare the transaction rates, stability, and token design properties at different levels of tokenisation. The kinetic study reveals that in certain conditions, if the price of a product contains both conventional money and tokens, one can treat this combination as one composite currency. The dynamic behaviour of the analysed systems is proven to be dynamically stable for the chosen models. Moreover, by applying the supply and demand law to recalculate the prices of products, the necessity of previous knowledge of certain token attributes—token divisibility and token–money exchange rates—emerges. The chemical framework, along with the analytic methods that we propose, is flexible enough to be adjusted to a variety of conditions and offer valuable information about economic systems.

Mental Health Law and the Seeds of Therapeutic Jurisprudence

This chapter summarizes the author’s work during the decade of the 1970s, where he began teaching a Law and Psychiatry seminar that soon became a newly named course Mental Health Law. His writings were in the areas of civil commitment, criminal commitment, behavior modification and token economies, and confidentiality. While the author was working generally in the field of mental health law, many “seeds” of the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence grew out of that work. The chapter illustrates how the main concepts of therapeutic jurisprudence were developed during the 1970s, even though therapeutic jurisprudence itself was not “born” until an essay written for a law/psychology conference in 1987.

Penggunaan Token Economies pada Anak untuk Meningkatkan Kedisiplinan dalam Menaati Peraturan

The use of economies token for 12 years children aims at improving the discipline in complying with the rules at an orphanage institution. In the handled cases, the client has a problem against disciplinary, particularly related to the rules of the institutions, with the result that the client was often scolded. This article argues on the important of this token to uphold discipline guidance and mentoring. In this practice, the theory used is a behavioral therapy with the technique of economy token. The use of therapy behavioral methods intended to improve or maintain adaptive behavior, reduce or eliminate the maladaptive behavior, and reduce or eliminate the excessive behavior. By using economy token method, it is expected to help the client to have guidelines for improving discipline in complying with the rules. Based on 4 months of field assistance approach, the results of the assistance for 12 years old children who needs assistance in disciplinary training with economy token, communication and good thinking have become an important factor in relation to the development of a person, so that clients can reduce negative thoughts and changing dysfunctional thinking process.Keywords: discipline, behavioral therapy, economy token, 12 years old children.