Soil Fabric and Transitional Behavior in Completely Decomposed Granite: An Example of Well-Graded Soil

Unlike sedimentary soils, limited studies have dealt with completely decomposed granite (CDG) soils, even though they are plentiful and used extensively in several engineering applications. In this paper, a set of triaxial compression tests have been conducted on well-graded intact and disturbed CDG soils to study the impact of the fabric on soil behavior. The soil behavior was robustly affected by the soil fabric and its mineral composition. The intact soil showed multiple parallel compression lines, while a unique isotropic compression line was present in the case of disturbed soil. Both the intact and disturbed soils showed unique critical state lines (CSL) in both the e-log p′ and q-p′ spaces. The intact soil showed behavior unlike other transitional soils that have both distinct isotropic compression lines ICLs and CSLs. The gradient of the unique ICL of the disturbed soil was much more than that of the parallel compression lines of the intact soil. In the intact soil, the slope of the unique CSL (M) in the q-p′ space was higher than that of the disturbed soil. The isotropic response was present for both the intact and disturbed soils after erasing the inherited anisotropy as the stress increased with irrecoverable volumetric change. Soil fabric is considered the dominant factor in the transitional behavior and such a mode of soil behavior is no longer restricted to gap-graded soil as previously thought.

Mean and Dynamic Aspects of the Wakes of a Surface-Mounted Cube and Block

The flow downstream of surface-mounted finite-height square prisms with aspect ratio AR = 1 (cube) and 0.5 (block) was investigated experimentally in a low-speed wind tunnel, to determine the overall structure and dynamic behavior of the wake and the source of the streamwise vorticity. The Reynolds number based on the prisms' width D was Re = 7.5×104 and the boundary layer thickness at the location of the prisms was d/D = 0.73. A vortex shedding frequency was found in the wake of the cube, but no periodicity was found in the wake of the block. The mean wake of the cube showed features of prisms below the critical AR, but the wake of the block had a distinct behavior due to the dominant shear flow from the boundary layer. The shear changed the downwash and, consequently, the streamwise vorticity distribution in the wake, in addition to reducing the magnitude of the Reynolds stresses. The phase-average analysis for the cube revealed the alternate shedding of inclined structures related to the streamwise vorticity in the upper part of the wake. These vorticity regions were caused by the alternate bending and entrainment of the side flow, caused by the downwash. The periodic component of the total Reynolds stresses was, however, significantly smaller than the turbulence-related stresses. The present study showed that the wake had a transitional behavior for the cube, but became fundamentally different for the block, when compared with prisms of higher AR.

Origins of a Low-Sulfur Superalloy Al2O3 Scale Adhesion Map

Low-sulfur single-crystal Ni-base superalloys have demonstrated excellent cyclic oxidation resistance due to improved Al2O3 scale adhesion. This derives from preventing deleterious interfacial sulfur segregation that occurs at common ppm levels of S impurity. Multiple hydrogen-annealing desulfurization treatments were employed to produce a continuum of levels demonstrating this oxidative transition, using 1 h cyclic oxidation at 1100 °C for 500 h to 1000 h. The sulfur content was determined by glow discharge mass spectrometry. The complete gravimetric database of 25 samples is revealed and correlated with sulfur content. Maximum adhesion (i.e., no weight loss) was achieved at ≤ 0.3 ppmw S, significant spallation (20–30 mg/cm2) above 2 ppmw, with transitional behavior between 0.3 and 2 ppmw S. A map suggested that adhesion was enabled when the total sulfur reservoir was less than one S atom per Ni interface atom. Equilibrium models further suggest that segregation may be minimized (~1% at 0.2 ppmw bulk), regardless of section thickness. 1st order adhesion effects have thus been demonstrated for PWA 1480 having no Y, Zr, or Hf reactive element dopants and no possibility of confounding reactive element effects. The results are compared with 2nd generation PWA 1484, Rene’N5, N6, and CMSX-4® SLS, all having Hf dopants.

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

A study of different parameters in thermodynamics is important to explore the science of various phenomena. Solid atoms are related to the science of condensed matter when their transition states do not reinstate into the original states. The same is the case with gaseous atoms but in a different way. An anomaly in the first law of thermodynamics can be found while studying transitional behaviors of atoms. A gaseous atom involves transitional energy in a gaining manner while undertaking transition state. Hence, the work is carried out by that gaseous atom. In fact, this should be registered symbolically in a plus form. A solid atom involves transitional energy absorbed in undertaking transition state. Hence, the work is carried out on that solid atom. In fact, this should be registered symbolically in a minus form. Thus, anomaly is resolved for equations of change in internal energy of the system. The transition energy introduces different transition states in the system which is composed of gaseous or solid atoms. Hence, gaseous and solid atoms engage different orientation forces to orientate their electrons. In an atom, transition energy changes potential energy of an electron, whereby it controls the position through orientation force. Gaseous and solid atoms introduce cooling and heating effects when electrons start to restore from the mid-states. In gaseous or solid atom, a mid-state exists between re-crystallization and liquid states. An electron executes dynamics by remaining within the occupied energy knot. Thus, nonstop elastically-driven electronic states of atoms are the cause of entropy and irreversible cycle.

Transition Energy, Orientation Force and Work Done in Transitional Behavior Atoms: Formulating New Principles in Thermodynamics

A study of different parameters in thermodynamics is important to explore the science of various phenomena. Solid atoms are related to the science of condensed matter when their transition states do not reinstate into the original states. The same is the case with gaseous atoms but in a different way. An anomaly in the first law of thermodynamics can be found while studying transitional behaviors of atoms. A gaseous atom involves transitional energy in a gaining manner while undertaking transition state. Hence, the work is carried out by that gaseous atom. In fact, this should be registered symbolically in a plus form. A solid atom involves transitional energy absorbed in undertaking transition state. Hence, the work is carried out on that solid atom. In fact, this should be registered symbolically in a minus form. Thus, anomaly is resolved for equations of change in internal energy of the system. The transition energy introduces different transition states in the system which is composed of gaseous or solid atoms. Hence, gaseous and solid atoms engage different orientation forces to orientate their electrons. In an atom, transition energy changes potential energy of an electron, whereby it controls the position through orientation force. Gaseous and solid atoms introduce cooling and heating effects when electrons start to restore from the mid-states. In gaseous or solid atom, a mid-state exists between re-crystallization and liquid states. An electron executes dynamics by remaining within the occupied energy knot. Thus, nonstop elastically-driven electronic states of atoms are the cause of entropy and irreversible cycle.

Unitarity of entanglement and islands in two-sided Janus black holes

We explore the entanglement evolution of boundary intervals in eternal Janus black holes that can be embedded consistently into string theory in the low-energy limit. By studying the geodesics we show that there is a transition in the entanglement characteristic around the Page time, which manifests the unitarity of the evolution. We reproduce and reinterpret these bulk results from two different lower-dimensional perspectives: first as an interface CFT in the usual AdS/CFT correspondence and second as an effective gravity theory in one lower dimension coupled to a radiation background. In the limit where the number of interface degrees of freedom becomes large, we obtain an effective theory on appropriate branes that replace the deep interior region in the bulk, coined the shadow region. In this effective theory, we also identify the island of the radiation entanglement wedge and verify the newly proposed quantum extremization method. Our model clarifies that double holography with gravity in two higher dimensions can be realized in a concrete and consistent way and that the occurrence of islands is natural in one higher dimension. Furthermore, our model reveals that there can be a transitional behavior of the Page curve before the Page time, which is related to the emergence of new matter degrees of freedom on the branes.